"…scuttlers were routinely demonised by politicians and sections of the press. Victorian gang members were derided as ruffians, brutes, barbarians, savages and "juvenile terrorists"… The demise of the gangs owed less to draconian policing and punishment than to a more forward-thinking response pioneered by former Guardian journalist Alexander Devine, a police court missionary (an early form of probation officer). His "working lads' club" for Hulme and Chorlton-on-Medlock, opened in 1887, inspired a generation of Mancunians and Salfordians to invest substantial amounts of both time and money in new facilities for education, training and recreation for youths in some of the poorest neighbourhoods in Britain."