Mt Sinai J Med. 1984 Dec;51(6):707-13. The Papago Indians: historical, social, and medical perspectives. Hoffman BH, Haskell AJ.
Health Care Dimen. 1976;3:23-36. Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community. Aamodt AM.
The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, "taking care of self and others", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, "taking care of self and others" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.
Am J Hum Genet. 1970 Jan;22(1):7-23. Population studies on southwestern Indian tribes. I. History, culture, and genetics of the Papago. Niswander JD, Brown KS, Iba BY, Leyshon WC, Workman PL.
Am J Hum Genet. 1970 Jan;22(1):24-49. Population studies on southwestern Indian tribes. II. Local genetic differentiation in the Papago. Workman PL, Niswander JD.
Hum Hered. 1970;20(3):281-6. Population studies on Southwestern Indian tribes. 3. Serum protein variations of Zuni and Papago indians. Brown KS, Johnson RS.
J Environ Health. 2003 Apr;65(8):9-15, 25. Characterization of the solid waste stream of the Tohono O'odham nation. Wolf AM, Spitz AH, Olson G, Zavodska A, Algharaibeh M. Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., 3202 E. Grant Rd., Tucson, AZ 85716, USA. aawolf@seriaz.org
The Tohono O'odham Nation's Solid Waste Management Program (SWMP) and the Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc. (SERI) completed a waste characterization study for the Tohono O'odham Nation (the Nation) to aid in the development of an effective waste management plan. The Nation has recently switched from open dumping and burning of waste to collection in dumpsters and transportation to regulated landfills. The study indicated that members of the Nation produce approximately one-third of the average amount of municipal solid waste produced per person per day in the United States. Far fewer hazardous materials and yard trimmings are found in the waste stream than is the U.S. average. Source reduction options are limited because much of the residential waste comes from packaging materials. Recycling opportunities exist but are hampered by the long distance to markets, which forces the Nation to look at innovative ways of utilizing materials on site. An education program focusing on the traditional O'odham lifestyle has been implemented to help reduce solid waste generation while improving people's health and the environment.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 Mar;19(1):12-7. Clinical characteristics of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among southwestern American Indian youths. Coddington DA, Hisnanick JJ. Children's National Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Medicine, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA.
The clinical characteristics and presentation of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) among 22 youths, aged less than 20 years, of an American Indian tribe Tohono O'odham Nation in the southwestern United States were studied. Ten males and 12 females (7-20 years old) were identified with a 13.7-year mean age of onset of diabetes. Over 80% (18/22) of the patients were obese at diagnosis having a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for their age and sex, and there was a strong family history of NIDDM; eight patients were born to mothers who had gestational diabetes, and 19 patients had at least one parent with NIDDM. At the time of diagnosis, plasma glucose levels ranged from 10.3 mmol/L to 33 mmol/L, with nearly 60% (13/22) of the patients having a glucose reading greater than 16.8 mmol/L. C-peptide levels were done on 10 patients, and these were in the normal to elevated range. Clinical management of the 22 patients varied. To control hyperglycaemia and symptoms, such as nocturia and polyuria, 14 patients were on oral hypoglycaemic medication, and five were on insulin therapy. Compliance with dietary management was very difficult for these patients as evidenced by the fact that only three patients were on dietary control for their diabetes. The cases described in this series demonstrate NIDDM in childhood and illustrate the importance of accurate classification of diabetes during childhood, particularly in children from populations at high risk for NIDDM.
Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Aug;41(8):1464-9. Rheumatoid arthritis in the Pima Indians: the intersection of epidemiologic, demographic, and genealogic data. Hirsch R, Lin JP, Scott WW Jr, Ma LD, Pillemer SR, Kastner DL, Jacobsson LT, Bloch DA, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bale SJ. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features and familial distribution of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Pima Indians. METHODS: From 1965 through 1990, all cases of RA as defined by the American College of Rheumatology (formerly, the American Rheumatism Association) 1987 criteria or all cases of seropositive, erosive disease as defined by the Rome criteria were identified in individuals who were age 20 years and older and were of 50% or more Pima/Tohono-O'odham heritage. Radiographs were reviewed by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists who were blinded to case status. Kinship coefficients were used to evaluate familial aggregation. RESULTS: Eighty-eight RA cases were identified from this population-based sample. Over 66% of the cases had seropositive disease, over 60% had erosive disease, and over 40% had subcutaneous nodules. Of the 88 RA cases, 40 were members of families with more than 1 RA case. The remainder were simplex cases. CONCLUSION: In this population, clinical markers of severe RA were present in a majority of cases. The presence of familial aggregation for RA in the Pima Indians suggests underlying genetic factors in disease pathogenesis.
Am J Community Psychol. 1988 Jun;16(3):369-79. An indigenous community mental health service on the Tohono O'odham (Papago) Indian Reservation: seventeen years later. Kahn MW, Lejero L, Antone M, Francisco D, Manuel J. Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721.
The status of a fully indigenous mental health program serviced and controlled by the Tohono O'odham (Papago) Indian tribe is reviewed from the perspective of its 17-year history. The program functions in large measure in a crisis intervention model, with suicidal or acutely disturbed cases being most frequent. However, a whole range of disorders and ages are seen. Traditional Medicine Men and Women are often used as consultants, as are some professionals. In recent years child sex abuse and abuse of drugs among youth are prominent problems. The program experienced problems of obtaining services off reservations for patients in need, and in establishing credibility of the Indian Mental Health workers with the outside service providers.
Diabetes Care. 1993 Jan;16(1):157-77. Comment in: Diabetes Care. 1993 Nov;16(11):1530. Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults. WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group. King H, Rewers M. Diabetes and Other Noncommunicable Diseases Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
OBJECTIVE--To assemble standardized estimates of abnormal glucose tolerance in adults in diverse communities worldwide and provide guidelines for the derivation of comparable estimates in future epidemiological studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--The project was limited to population-based investigations that had used current WHO criteria for diagnosis and classification of abnormal glucose tolerance. Raw data were obtained by WHO from surveys conducted during 1976-1991 of over 150,000 persons from 75 communities in 32 countries. Data within the truncated age range of 30-64 yr were adjusted to the standard world population of Segi. Age-specific prevalences also are reported for selected populations. RESULTS--Within the chosen age range, diabetes was absent or rare (< 3%) in some traditional communities in developing countries. In European populations, age-standardized prevalence varied from 3 to 10%. Some Arab, migrant Asian Indian, Chinese, and Hispanic American populations were at higher risk with prevalences of 14-20%. The highest prevalences were found in the Nauruans (41%) and the Pima/Papago Indians (50%). Age-standardized prevalence of IGT was low (< 3%) in some Chinese, traditional American Indian, and Pacific island populations. Moderate (3-10%) or high (11-20%) prevalences of IGT were observed in many populations worldwide. The highest estimates for prevalence of IGT were seen in female Muslim Asian Indians in Tanzania (32%) and in urban male Micronesians in Kiribati (28%). Prevalence of diabetes rose with age in all populations in which age-specific data were examined. This trend was most pronounced in those at moderate to high risk. The ratio of prevalence of diabetes in men versus women varied markedly between populations with little discernable trend, although IGT was generally more common in women. In most communities, at least 20% of diabetes cases were unknown before the survey, and in many communities, > 50% were previously undiagnosed. In both Chinese and Indian migrant populations, relative prevalence was high when compared with indigenous communities. CONCLUSIONS--Diabetes in adults is now a global health problem, and populations of developing countries, minority groups, and disadvantaged communities in industrialized countries now face the greatest risk.
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from JSTOR:
Who Were the Hohokam? The Evidence from Pima-Papago Myths
Donald M. Bahr
Ethnohistory, Vol. 18, No. 3. (Summer, 1971), pp. 245-266.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0014-1801%28197122%2918%3A3%3C245%3AWWTHTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G
Abstract: A corpus of thirteen Pima-Papago myths is examined for historical evidence concerning the prehistoric Hohokam peoples in southern Arizona and concerning the origin of the Buzzard moiety among Pimans. It is suggested that most myths involving the Hohokam express a death and rebirth ideology which may have been influenced by any of four sources, including diffusion from central Mexico, an actual Hohokam conquest, Spanish expeditions in search of Cibola, and the ghost dance movement.The Papago Migration Legend
J. Alden Mason
The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 34, No. 133. (Jul. - Sep., 1921), pp. 254-268.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8715%28192107%2F09%2934%3A133%3C254%3ATPML%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Oand from o'odham in full text:
1. Title: Tepimans, Yumans, and Other Hohokam
Author(s): David Leedom Shaul; Jane H. Hill
Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 63, No. 3. (Jul., 1998), pp. 375-396.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28199807%2963%3A3%3C375%3ATYAOH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-NAbstract: The Proto-Tepiman speech community-that is, the community that spoke the language ancestral to all the contemporary Tepiman languages-can be located at the northern end of the present-day Tepiman range, perhaps as far north and west as the Gila-Colorado confluence, and probably within the Hohokam region, during the Hohokam time period in the first millennium A.D. Evidence for the northern location of Proto-Tepiman includes, first, attestation of language contact with Proto-River Yuman, including data from phonology, syntax, and lexicon. This evidence suggests that the Hohokam were a multi-ethnic community; we present evidence that by the fourteenth century this multi-ethnic system probably included speakers of Zuni. Second, the greatest internal diversity in Tepiman is among the northernmost varieties. Third, we can reconstruct a word meaning "saguaro cactus," a plant not found south of Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, for Proto-Tepiman. While the linguistic evidence strongly suggests the involvement of the Proto-Tepiman speech community in the Hohokam system, the evidence provided by contemporary Upper Piman languages (Akimel O'odham [Pima] and Tohono O'odham [Papago]) neither confirms nor excludes the involvement of speakers of these languages in the core Hohokam complex in the late prehistoric period.2. Title: Botanical Signatures of Water Storage Duration in a Hohokam Reservoir
Author(s): James M. Bayman; Manuel R. Palacios-Fest; Lisa W. Huckell
Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1997), pp. 103-111.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28199701%2962%3A1%3C103%3ABSOWSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-TAbstract: Although large-scale canal irrigation technology is commonly associated with the prehistoric Hohokam (A.D. 200-1450) of south-central Arizona, earthen reservoirs were essential for domestic water storage in areas of the Sonoran Desert away from perennial streams. Interpretations of seasonal water storage in prehistoric Hohokam reservoirs are often based on direct analogy with the historic Tohono O'odham (formerly called the Papago). This assumption of seasonal water storage is a hypothesis that should be tested rather than uncritically accepted by archaeologists. Sediments recovered with a hand-driven bucket auger from an earthen reservoir at a large Classic-period (ca. A.D. 1200-1450) Hohokam site (AZ AA:3:32 [ASM]) yielded uncarbonized seeds of an aquatic plant belonging to the genus Lemna (duckweed). The high number of Lemna seeds indicates that water may have been stored on a long-term, perhaps perennial, basis. Analyses of sediments from other reservoirs should generate further discoveries of uncarbonized seeds or other biological remains (e.g., pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, snails) and refine our understanding of prehistoric water storage facilities throughout the world.3. Title: Native Americans and the Environment: A Survey of Twentieth-Century Issues
Author(s): David Rich Lewis
Source: American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Summer, 1995), pp. 423-450.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0095-182X%28199522%2919%3A3%3C423%3ANAATEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-64. Title: Water and the West in Historical Imagination
Author(s): Norris Hundley, Jr.
Source: The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1. (Spring, 1996), pp. 4-31.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-3810%28199621%2927%3A1%3C4%3AWATWIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W5. Title: Floodwater Farming, Discontinuous Ephemeral Streams, and Puebloan Abandonment in Southwestern Colorado
Author(s): Gary A. Huckleberry; Brian R. Billman
Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 63, No. 4. (Oct., 1998), pp. 595-616.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7316%28199810%2963%3A4%3C595%3AFFDESA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-QAbstract: Geoarchaeological study on the southern piedmont of Sleeping Ute Mountain in southwestern Colorado indicates the presence of discontinuous ephemeral streams that were the foci of episodic Puebloan occupation between A.D. 600s and 1280. Characterized by arroyos, discontinuous ephemeral streams contain alternating aggrading and degrading reaches and are well suited for ak chin floodwater agriculture. Episodic Puebloan abandonment of the southern piedmont correlates with periods of drought but does not appear to be linked to stream entrenchment. We question a priori assumptions of droughts correlated to stream entrenchment and urge caution in the use of drought-arroyo models for settlement shifts in alluvial flood plains without supporting stratigraphic or geomorphic evidence.6. Title: Rough Knowledge and Radical Understanding: Sacred Silence in American Indian Literatures
Author(s): David L. Moore
Source: American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4. (Autumn, 1997), pp. 633-662.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0095-182X%28199723%2921%3A4%3C633%3ARKARUS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-97. Title: Prehistoric Desert Farmers of the Southwest
Author(s): Suzanne K. Fish; Paul R. Fish
Source: Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 23. (1994), pp. 83-108.
Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0084-6570%281994%292%3A23%3C83%3APDFOTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X