While not exhaustive, this list is the product of searches for 'cotton cloth', 'cotton fabric', 'cotton stuff', woollen, linen and silk ditto, and a few other terms. I may get to making brief definitions ("...kind of coarse woollen fabric..."), but the sheer length of the list tells a story by itself. The essential point here is that such lists are possible thanks to computer searching.
 
abaca
adatis; addatys 
altar-cloth
Americani
armure
atlas
baft
baize
Balbriggan
balloon
barracan
barras
bastard
bay
bayadere
bearskin
beaver
Bedford
beige
Bengal
billiards
blancard
blanket
bluet
blunk
bocasin
bocking
bolting; boul-
Bolton
bombasine
bombycine
bone-lace
borrel; borel
bridgewater
broadcloth; broad cloth
brocade
brocatelle
Brunswick
buckram
buckskin
buffen
buffin
bunting
burat; burato
burdet; burdit
bure
burel
Burgundy
burl
burlap
burler
busk
bustian
caddis; caddice
caffa
calamanco
calico
cambaye
Cambric
camlet
camleteen
cammaka
Cammes
camwysse
caneva
cannequin
canque
cantaloon
canvas
Carmelite
carpet
cary
cashmere
cassimere
catgut
celter
chalon
charmante
charmeuse
chemise
cheyney
China
chino
chintz
chiveret
cilice
cloth
clothlet
corah
corduroy
corporal
cotton
cottonade
coucher
courtepy
cover-pane
crabbing
crape
crash
crees
cretonne
crimson
cross-cloth
crown-rash
cumbly; cumly
cypress
Dacron
Damascus
damask
damsel; damosel
delaine
demigraine
demi-ostade
diaper
dimity
doily
domestic
domett
doria; dorea
dowlas
dozen
Dralon
drab
Drap-de-Berry
draper
drapery
drawn-work
dreadnought
drilling
drugget
dry goods
ducape
duck
duddery
duffle; duffel
dunster
dupion
durant
duroy
Duvetyn
elatcha
empress-cloth
estamin
fabric
faille
falding
farandine
fearnought
filleting
fingering
flannel
flannelette
flock
Florentine
flushing
Forfars
frieze
frison
fustian
gabardine
gadza
gala
garlits
gauze
Ghentish
gingham
glannen; glanen
glass-cloth
goad
grazet; grazett
grebe
Grenfell
grey; gray
gros
gros de Naples
grosgrain
gunny
Hardanger
harrateen
Hessian
hodden
Holland
homple
hop
huckaback
humhum
inkle
jaconet
Jacquard
jamdani
Java
jean
jemmy
kain
kelter
Kendal
kenting
Kersey
kerseymere
khaddar
khaki
kreyscloth
lambskin
lawn
layn; layne
lewyn
Liberty stuffs
limbo
limbric
lincloth
linen
linenette
linsel
linsey
linsey-woolsey
lint
lockram
loden
long cloth; long-cloth
lustree
lustrine
lustring
lutestring
madapollam
Madras
maidenhair
maldy
mammodis
Manchester
marceline
marcella; marsella
marry-muff
Marseilles
masquerade
match-cloth
material
melange
merino
messaline
messellawny
middlegood
Milanese silk
Milium
minorque
minster
mode
mohair
moire
moirette
molton
mouflon
mousseline
Moygashel
muslin
musterdevillers
nacarat
nainsook
nankeen
nettle-cloth
noil
Norwich crape
Norwich damask
Norwich poplin
numdah
nun
nylon
oilcloth
oraguella
Osnaburg
Oxford
paduasoy
pall
Palm Beach
paltry
pampilion
Parafilm
Paris
peau-de-soie
Pegamoid
pelisse
penistone
percale
percaline
perpetuana
Persian
Petersham
Philip
phota
phulkari
piece-goods
pintado
pique
plaid
plaiding
platilla
plumbet
plunket
poldavy; poldavis
poplin
poplinette
puke
puleray
purdah
pyramid
quintin
raploch
rash
ratteen
rattinet
rayon
rep
roan
romaine
romal
roudge
rougher
rug
russel
russet
Russie
sackcloth
sagathy
Salempore
samite
sannah
satara
sateen
satin
scamato
schappe
Scotch cloth
seal cloth
sealskin
seersucker
sempiternum
senshaw
serge
shag
shagreen
shawl
shirting
short cloth
Silesia
silk
silkoline
sindon
Sip
sitringee
small-ware; small-wares
soleil
soutage
spinal
stade
stamin
stammel
stammet
stauracin
stockinet
stuff
Sulka
surage
surah
swan's-down; swansdown
tabby
taffeta; taffety
tamin
taminy
tammy
tapestry
Tarantulle
tartan
tat
Tattersall
Taunton
Tavistock
Tebilized
Tergal
terry
tewke
thick-set
Ticklenburgs
tillet; tillot
tobe
Tobralco
toile
toilinet; toilenette
towelling; toweling
tregar
tricot
Tricotine
Turkey red
tussore
tweed
twill; tweel
tyre; tire
umple
union
velveret
velvet
velveteen
Verona
vicuna
vigogne
Vilene
wadmal
waistcoat
washer
Welsh
Willesden
winceyette
woollen
woollenette
Worcester
worsted
Yeddo
Yorkshire
zephyr