Some citers of Stone 1999

AU Kaneko, K Chiba, M Hashizume, M Kunii, O Sasaki, S Shimoda, T Yamashiro, Y Dauletbaev, D Caypil, W Mazhitova, Z
TI Extremely high prevalence of hypercalciuria in children living in the Aral Sea region
SO ACTA PAEDIATRICA AB The Aral Sea region is a natural area seriously polluted by human activities. In addition to the increased prevalence of diverse chronic diseases in children, the risk of developing urolithiasis is reported to be high in this region. This study was undertaken to clarify the prevalence of hypercalciuria in children of the Aral Sea region. A group of 205 children living in Kazalinsk, close to the Aral Sea, and a group of 187 children living in Zhanakorgan, far from the Aral Sea, were screened for hypercalciuria. Urinary sodium excretion (sodium per creatinine, uNa/Cr) in addition to calcium excretion (calcium per creatinine, uCa/Cr) was also calculated for each subject. Mean uCa/Cr (mmol/mmol) and uNa/Cr (mmol/mmol) excretions were significantly higher in Kazalinsk than in Zhanakorgan (uCa/Cr: 0.75 +/- 0.74 and 0.33 +/- 0.30; uNa/Cr: 3.54 +/- 2.27 and 2.89 +/- 1.69, respectively, mean +/- SD, p (<) 0.01). Hypercalciuria regarded as an uCa/Cr of more than 0.703 was observed in 79 out of 205 Kazalinsk children (38.6%) while this was seen in only 24 out of 187 Zhanakorgan children (12.8%). Linear regression analysis revealed a direct positive correlation between urinary calcium and sodium excretion (p (<) 0.01) in Kazalinsk children.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypercalciuria in children around the Aral Sea region is extremely high. This may be associated with excessive intake of calcium and sodium, or due to impaired renal tubular function caused by toxic chemicals. Therefore, hypercalciuria that may lead to urolithiasis should be taken into account when considering the health problems of this area.
PY 2002 VL 91 IS 10 BP 1116 EP 1120

AU Beeton, AM
TI Large freshwater lakes: present state, trends, and future
SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
AB The large freshwater lakes of the world are an extremely valuable resource, not only because 68% of the global liquid surface fresh water is contained in them, but because of their importance to the economies, social structure, and viability of the riparian countries. This review provides decision makers with the knowledge of large lakes (greater than or equal to500km(2)) essential to establishing policies and implementing strategies compatible with sustainable development. This is achieved by considering the present state of the lakes, the extent of changes and factors causing them, long-term consequences of these changes, major threats and possible states of the lakes into the year 2025. Case studies of lakes are presented, namely the St Lawrence Great Lakes of North America as representatives of glacial scour lakes of North America, northern Europe and Asia, and the African Great Lakes as representatives of tropical tectonic lakes. Lake Baikal is also included because it is unique for its species, great age, and largest single volume of liquid surface fresh water. The Aral Sea is further included because of the ecological disaster following diversion of water away from its basin. The major impacts on large lakes are diversions, eutrophication, invasive species, land-use change, overexploitation of resources, and pollution. These impacts can or do affect all the representative lakes, but to varying degree. The St Lawrence Great Lakes have been severely impacted by eutrophication, land-use change, overfishing, invasive species and pollution. Eutrophication has been reversed for these lakes and constraints are now in place on land use change, such as shoreline alteration and destruction of wetlands. With the demise of most commercial fishing, overfishing is no longer as important. Invasive species have become a major problem as increasingly non-indigenous species gain access to the takes. Pollution continues as a major impact. These problems are likely to continue and seriously impact use of the resources as well as bring about changes in the biota. Among the African Great Lakes, invasive species are a major problem in Lake Victoria, and eutrophication associated with land-use change and overexploitation of resources is a growing problem. Many endemic species have been lost and many are threatened, so that species associations will have changed by 2025. The Aral Sea continues to disappear and in the future, the remaining largest part of it will continue to become increasingly saline and eventually disappear. A small body of water will remain as a freshwater lake with a productive, although small, fishery. Lake Baikal shows evidence of pollution in the southern basin and is likely to be impacted by land-use changes, primarily logging. Some non-indigenous species are present, but so far, they are not a major problem. Overexploitation of resources in the watershed could lead to adverse impacts on inshore waters. Overfishing has been recognized and appears under control. The major threat to Baikal is continued and growing pollution. Climate change and pollution are global problems that will affect all lakes, large and small. At present, while some warming has occurred, climate change appears not to have impacted large lakes. Present studies on the Laurentian Great Lakes predict possible major impacts. Pollution, especially from persistent toxic substances such as PCBs, is a global problem. Diversion of water out or away from large lakes will become more of a threat as global human population growth continues and water supplies from rivers and ground water become depleted.
PY 2002 PD MAR VL 29 IS 1 BP 21 EP 38

AU Small, I van der Meer, J Upshur, REG
TI Acting on an environmental health disaster: The case of the Aral Sea
SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
AB The Aral Sea area in Central Asia has been encountering one of the world's greatest environmental disasters for more than 15 years. During that Lime, despite many assessments and millions of dollars spent by large, multinational organizations, little has changed. The 5 million people living in this neglected and virtually unknown part of the world are suffering not only from an environmental catastrophe that has no easy solutions but also from a litany of health problems. The region is often dismissed as a chronic problem where nothing positive can be achieved. Within this complicated context, Medecins Sans Frontieres, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999, is actively trying to assess the impact of the environmental disaster on human health to help the people who live in the Aral Sea area cope with their environment. Medecins Sans Frontieres has combined a direct medical program to improve the health of the population while conducting operational research to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the environmental disaster and human health outcomes. In this paper we explore the health situation of the region and the broader policy context in which it is situated, and present some ideas that could potentially be applied to many other places in the world that are caught up in environmental and human heath disasters.
PY 2001 PD JUN VL 109 IS 6 BP 547 EP 549

AU Rosenberg, DM McCully, P Pringle, CM TI Global-scale environmental effects of hydrological alterations: Introduction
SO BIOSCIENCE
PY 2000 PD SEP VL 50 IS 9 BP 746 EP 751

AU Nilsson, C Berggren, K
TI Alterations of riparian ecosystems caused by river regulation
SO BIOSCIENCE PY 2000 PD SEP VL 50 IS 9 BP 783 EP 792