citers of Matson et al. 1997

Author(s): Cassman, KG; Dobermann, A; Walters, DT; Yang, H
Title: Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality
Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, 28: 315-358 2003
Document Type: Review
Abstract: Agriculture is a resource-intensive enterprise. The manner in which food production systems utilize resources has a large influence on environmental quality. To evaluate prospects for conserving natural resources while meeting increased demand for cereals, we interpret recent trends and future trajectories in crop yields, land and nitrogen fertilizer use, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas emissions to identify key issues and challenges. Based on this assessment, we conclude that avoiding expansion of cultivation into natural ecosystems, increased nitrogen use efficiency, and improved soil quality are pivotal components of a sustainable agriculture that meets human needs and protects natural resources. To achieve this outcome will depend on raising the yield potential and closing existing yield gaps of the major cereal crops to avoid yield stagnation in some of the world's most productive systems. Recent trends suggest, however, that increasing crop yield potential is a formidable scientific challenge that has proven to be an elusive goal.

Author(s): de Beurs, KM; Henebry, GM
Title: Land surface phenology, climatic variation, and institutional change: Analyzing agricultural land cover change in Kazakhstan
Source: REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, 89 (4): 497-509 FEB 29 2004
Document Type: Article
Abstract: Kazakhstan is the second largest country to emerge from the collapse of the Soviet Union. Consequent to the abrupt institutional changes surrounding the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Kazakhstan has reportedly undergone extensive land cover/land use change. Were the institutional changes sufficiently great to affect land surface phenology at spatial resolutions and extents relevant to mesoscale meteorological models? To explore this question, we used the NDVI time series (1985-1988 and 1995-1999) from the Pathfinder Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Land (PAL) dataset, which consists of 10 days maximum NDVI composites at a spatial resolution of 8 km. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were extracted from the NCEP Reanalysis Project and 10 days composites of accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) were produced. We selected for intensive study seven agricultural areas ranging from regions with rain-fed spring wheat cultivation in the north to regions of irrigated cotton and rice in the south. We applied three distinct but complementary statistical analyses: (1) nonparametric testing of sample distributions; (2) simple time series analysis to evaluate trends and seasonality; and (3) simple regression models describing NDVI as a quadratic function of AGDD.The irrigated areas displayed different temporal developments of NDVI between 1985-1988 and 1995-1999. As the temperature regime between the two periods was not significantly different, we conclude that observed differences in the temporal development of NDVI resulted from changes in agricultural practices.In the north, the temperature regime was also comparable for both periods. Based on extant socioeconomic studies and our model analyses, we conclude that the changes in the observed land surface phenology in the northern regions are caused by large increases in fallow land dominated by weedy species and by grasslands under reduced grazing pressure. Using multiple lines of evidence allowed us to build a case of whether differences in land surface phenology were mostly the result of anthropogenic influences or interannual climatic fluctuations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Author(s): Vaughan, S
Title: How green is NAFTA? Measuring the impacts of agricultural trade
Source: ENVIRONMENT, 46 (2): 26-42 MAR 2004

Author(s): Corselius, KL; Simmons, SR; Flora, CB
Title: Farmer perspectives on cropping systems diversification in northwestern Minnesota
Source: AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN VALUES, 20 (4): 371-383 WIN 2003
Document Type: Article
Abstract: It is important to understand factors that influence management decisions that determine the level of diversification within cropping systems. Because of the wide variety of cropping systems within a region, our study focused on a single county (Marshall) in northwestern Minnesota. This county was selected because it is in an area where farmers were reevaluating their cropping practices during the 1990s in response to severe plant disease outbreaks and economic stresses. A survey (n = 153) and follow-up interviews (n = 9) of representative farmers in Marshall County showed that they were approaching their cropping systems management decisions under these conditions through a dominant conceptual framework (scientific) and two secondary conceptual frameworks (institutional and spiritual), which we termed "mental causal models." The study illustrates the ways farmers define and make decisions affecting their cropping systems diversity under conditions of agronomic and economic adversity. It also challenges agricultural professionals to expand their thinking about educational strategies that are sensitive to the varied perspectives of farmers beyond just the scientific mental causal model.

FN	ISI Export Format
VR	1.0
PT	J
AU	Robertson, GP Broome, JC Chornesky, EA Frankenberger, JR Johnson, P Lipson, M Miranowski, JA Owens, ED Pimentel, D Thrupp, LA
TI	Rethinking the vision for environmental research in US agriculture
SO	BIOSCIENCE
AB	Environmental research in agriculture is today largely reactive, focused on problems at small scales and conducted within narrow disciplinary boundaries. This approach has worked to abate a number of environmental problems created by agriculture, but it has not provided effective solutions for many of the most recalcitrant ones. Furthermore, the approach fails to position agriculture to deliver new environmental benefits that the public and policymakers increasingly demand. A new vision is needed for environmental research in agriculture-one that is anticipatory; promotes long-term, systems-level research at multiple scales; better incorporates important interactions between the biophysical and social sciences; and provides for the proper evaluation of deployed solutions. Achieving this vision will require major changes in funding strategies, in institutional reward structures, and in policies that presently inhibit collaborations across disciplinary and institutional boundaries. It is, nevertheless, time to act.
PY	2004
PD	JAN
VL	54
IS	1
BP	61
EP	65
AU	Buttel, FH
TI	Internalizing the societal costs of agricultural production
SO	PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
PY	2003
PD	DEC
VL	133
IS	4
BP	1656
EP	1665
AU	Lotter, DW
TI	Organic agriculture
SO	JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
AB	Sustained high rates of growth in sales of certified organic products (OPs) in the U.S. and worldwide, averaging 20-25% yr(-1) since 1990, have spurred concomitant growth and activities in production, processing, research, regulation and trade agreements, and exports. The global OP market value in 2001 is estimated to be $20B, and the OP share of total food sales is near 2% in the US and 1-5% in EU countries. Processed OPs have shown particularly rapid growth, often over 100% yr(-1). Commercial certified organic agriculture (OA) has spread to over 130 countries worldwide.Demand for OPs is driven by belief that OPs are more healthful, tasty, and environmentally friendly than conventional products (CPs). Evidence for these beliefs is reviewed. While many of the health claims for OPs remain unresolved, there is sufficient evidence to give OPs the edge in healthfulness. Comparative research is needed, particularly bioassays on animals and analyses of the functional components of foods (nutraceuticals). OP/CP taste comparisons are often inconclusive.Evidence for significant environmental amelioration via conversion to OA is very substantial-pesticides are virtually eliminated and nutrient pollution substantially reduced loss of biodiversity, wind and water erosion, and fossil fuel use and greenhouse warming potential are all reduced in OA relative to comparable conventional agriculture (CA) systems.The agroecological characteristics of OA are reviewed-weed, invertebrate, disease, and soil fertility management practices. Yield reductions of OA systems relative to CA average 10-15%, however these are generally compensated for by lower input costs and higher gross margins. Large-scale conversion to OA would not result in food shortages and could be accomplished with a reduction in meat consumption. OA systems consistently outperform CA in drought situations, out-yielding CA by up to 100%.Also reviewed are: methodologies for comparing productivity and sustainability of OA/CA; the core concept that OA is a structurally different system than CA; the characteristics, sociology, and practices of US organic farmers and farms; OA's origins, its pioneers, major institutions; international certification standards and the new (2000) USDA National Organic Program Final Rule; institutional and media support for and biases against OA; OA's increased involvement with social accountability and animal ethics.
PY	2003
VL	21
IS	4
BP	59
EP	128
AU	Hilbeck, A
TI	Implications of transgenic, insecticidal plants for insect and plant biodiversity
SO	PERSPECTIVES IN PLANT ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS
AB	Genetically modified plants are widely grown predominantly in North America and to a lesser extent in Australia, Argentina and China but their regions of production are expected to spread soon beyond these limited areas also reaching Europe where great controversy over the application of gene technology in agriculture persists. Currently, several cultivars of eight major crop plants are commercially available including canola, corn, cotton, potato, soybean, sugar beet, tobacco and tomato, but many more plants with new and combined multiple traits are close to registration. While currently agronomic traits (herbicide resistance, insect resistance) dominate, traits conferring "quality" traits (altered oil compositions, protein and starch contents) will begin to dominate within the next years. However, economically the most promising future lies in the development and marketing of crop plants expressing pharmaceutical or "nutraceuticals" (functional foods), and plants that express a number of different genes. From this it is clear that future agricultural and, ultimately, also natural ecosystems will be challenged by the large-scale introduction of entirely novel genes and gene products in new combinations at high frequencies all of which will have unknown impacts on their associated complex of non-target organisms, i.e. all organisms that are not targeted by the insecticidal protein. In times of severe global decline of biodiversity, pro-active precaution is necessary and careful consideration of the likely expected effects of transgenic plants on biodiversity of plants and insects is mandatory.In this paper possible implications of non-target effects for insect and plant biodiversity are discussed and a case example of such non-target effects is presented. In a multiple year research project, tritrophic and bitrophic effects of transgenic corn, expressing the gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-corn) that codes for the high expression of an insecticidal toxin (Cry1Ab), on the natural enemy species, Chrysoperla carnea (the green lacewing), was investigated. In these laboratory trials, we found prey-mediated effects of transgenic Bt-corn causing significantly higher mortality of C. carnea larvae. In further laboratory trials, we confirmed that the route of exposure (fed directly or via a herbivorous prey) and the origin of the Bt (from transgenic plants or incorporated into artificial diet) strongly influenced the degree of mortality. In choice feeding trials where C. carnea could choose between Spodoptera littoralis fed transgenic Bt-corn and S. littoralis fed non-transgenic corn, larger instars showed a significant preference for S. littoralis fed non-transgenic corn while this was not the case when the choice was between Bt- and isogenic corn fed aphids. Field implications of these findings could be multifold but will be difficult to assess because they interfere in very intricate ways with complex ecosystem processes that we still know only very little about. The future challenge in pest management will be to explore how transgenic plants can be incorporated as safe and effective components of IPM systems and what gene technology can contribute to the needs of a modern sustainable agriculture that avoids or reduces adverse impacts on biodiversity? For mainly economically motivated resistance management purposes, constitutive high expression of Bt-toxins in transgenic plants is promoted seeking to kill almost 100% of all susceptible (and if possible heterozygote resistant) target pest insects. However, for pest management this is usually not necessary. Control at or below an established economic injury level is sufficient for most pests and cropping systems. It is proposed that partially or moderately resistant plants expressing quantitative rather than single gene traits and affecting the target pest sub-lethally may provide a more meaningful contribution of agricultural biotechnology to modern sustainable agriculture. Some examples of such plants produced through conventional breeding are presented. Non-target effects may be less severe allowing for better incorporation of these plants into IPM or biological control programs using multiple control strategies, thereby, also reducing selection pressure for pest resistance development.
PY	2001
VL	4
IS	1
BP	43
EP	61
AU	Gregory, PJ Ingram, JSI Andersson, R Betts, RA Brovkin, V Chase, TN Grace, PR Gray, AJ Hamilton, N Hardy, TB Howden, SM Jenkins, A Meybeck, M Olsson, M Ortiz-Monasterio, I Palm, CA Payn, TW Rummukainen, M Schulze, RE Thiem, M Valentin, C Wilkinson, MJ
TI	Environmental consequences of alternative practices for intensifying crop production
SO	AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT
AB	The increasing global demand for food will be met chiefly by increased intensification of production. For crops, this will be achieved largely by increased yields per area with a smaller contribution from an increased number of crops grown in a seasonal cycle. Production systems show a spectrum of intensification practices characterised by varying methods of site preparation and pest control, and inputs of germplasm, nutrients and water. This paper highlights three main types of intensification (based largely on the quantity and efficiency of use of external inputs) and examines both the on- and off-site environmental consequences of each for soils, water quantity and quality, and climate forcing and regional climate change. The use of low amounts of external inputs is generally regarded as being the most environmentally- benign although this advantage over systems with higher inputs may disappear if the consequences are expressed per unit of product rather than per unit area. The adverse effects of production systems with high external inputs, especially losses of nutrients from fertilisers and manures to water courses and contributions of gases to climate forcing, have been quantified. Future intensification, including the use of improved germplasm via genetic modification, will seek to increase the efficiency of use of added inputs while minimising adverse effects on the environment. However, reducing the loss of nutrients from fertilisers and manures, and increasing the efficiency of water utilisation in crop production, remain considerable challenges. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.
PY	2002
PD	MAR
VL	88
IS	3
BP	279
EP	290
AU	Keller, DR Brummer, EC
TI	Putting food production in context: Toward a postmechanistic agricultural ethic
SO	BIOSCIENCE
PY	2002
PD	MAR
VL	52
IS	3
BP	264
EP	271
AU	Pandey, RK Maranville, JW Crawford, TW
TI	Agriculture intensification and ecologically sustainable land use systems in Niger: Transition from traditional to technologically sound practices
SO	JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
AB	Increasing population pressure in Niger has increased demand for arable land leading to expansion of cropping into marginal land resulting in soil erosion anti diminishing pasture, woodland and forest area which threatens ecosystem sustainability. Highly variable: rainfall adds risk to crop production. Intensification of agriculture with adoption of sustainable, yield enhancing technologies is critical to the future development of all agroecological regions in Niger. Farm constraints analysis of crop productivity conducted in rainfed areas of the Niger by farmer surveys and on-farm experiments revealed that the major limitations to increased productivity were (1) low soil fertility and lack of fertilizer use, (2) limited organic manure availability, (3) low mineral nutrient use efficiency of crops when fertilizers were applied during soil moisture stress, (4.) lack of high yielding varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, (5) practice of using low plant densities, (6) limited access to farm inputs, (7) lack of a marketing strategy, and (8) lack of adequate extension service to farmers. The use of improved technologies, such as fertilizer, improved varieties or hybrids, optimum plant density and water conservation technologies were shown to increase yields more than two-fold at the farm level. Key elements in a strategy to increase total crop production in Niger must include support from both the private and public sectors to promote more rapid acceptance of improved production technologies. This will require institutional modifications that enhance technology transfer, development of input delivery systems, improved policies of land tenure, availability of fertilizer, and improved policies that affect the input and output pricing structure. (C) 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
PY	2001
VL	19
IS	2
BP	5
EP	24
AU	Warren-Rhodes, K Koenig, A
TI	Escalating trends in the urban metabolism of Hong Kong: 1971-1997
SO	AMBIO
AB	Urban metabolism measures quantitatively a city's load on the natural environment. We update the Newcombe et al. (3) pioneering study of Hong Kong's urban metabolism in 1971, highlighting trends in resource consumption and waste generation. Per capita food, water and materials consumption have surged since the early 1970s by 20%, 40%, and 149%, respectively. Tremendous pollution has accompanied this growing affluence and materialism, and total air emissions, CO2 Outputs, municipal solid wastes, and sewage discharges have risen by 30%, 250%, 245%, and 153%. As a result, systemic overload of land, atmospheric and water systems has occurred. While some strategies to tackle deteriorating environmental quality have succeeded, greater and more far-reaching changes in consumer behavior and government policy are needed if Hong Kong is to achieve its stated goal of becoming "a truly sustainable city" in the 21(st) century.
PY	2001
PD	NOV
VL	30
IS	7
BP	429
EP	438
AU	Tilman, D Lehman, C
TI	Human-caused environmental change: Impacts on plant diversity and evolution
SO	PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AB	Human-caused environmental changes are creating regional combinations of environmental conditions that, within the next 50 to 100 years, may fall outside the envelope within which many of the terrestrial plants of a region evolved. These environmental modifications might become a greater cause of global species extinction than direct habitat destruction. The environmental constraints undergoing human modification include levels of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and pH, atmospheric CO2, herbivore, pathogen, and predator densities, disturbance regimes, and climate. Extinction would occur because the physiologies, morphologies, and life histories of plants limit each species to being a superior competitor for a particular combination of environmental constraints. Changes in these constraints would favor a few species that would competitively displace many other species from a region. In the long-term, the "weedy" taxa that became the dominants of the novel conditions imposed by global change should become the progenitors of a series of new species that are progressively less weedy and better adapted to the new conditions. The relative importance of evolutionary versus community ecology responses to global environmental change would depend on the extent of regional and local recruitment limitation, and on whether the suite of human-imposed constraints were novel just regionally or on continental or global scales.
PY	2001
PD	MAY 8
VL	98
IS	10
BP	5433
EP	5440
AU	Tilman, D Fargione, J Wolff, B D'Antonio, C Dobson, A Howarth, R Schindler, D Schlesinger, WH Simberloff, D Swackhamer, D
TI	Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change
SO	SCIENCE
AB	During the next 50 years, which is likely to be the final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by a wealthier and 50% Larger global population will be a major driver of global environmental change. Should past dependences of the global environmental impacts of agriculture on human population and consumption continue, 10(9) hectares of natural ecosystems would be converted to agriculture by 2050. This would be accompanied by 2.4- to 2.7-fold increases in nitrogen- and phosphorus-driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater, and near-shore marine ecosystems, and comparable increases in pesticide use. This eutrophication and habitat destruction would cause unprecedented ecosystem simplification, Loss of ecosystem services, and species extinctions. Significant scientific advances and regulatory, technological, and policy changes are needed to control the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion.
PY	2001
PD	APR 13
VL	292
IS	5515
BP	281
EP	284
AU	Peterson, G Cunningham, S Deutsch, L Erickson, J Quinlan, A Raez-Luna, E Tinch, R Troell, M Woodbury, P Zens, S
TI	The risks and benefits of genetically modified crops: A multidisciplinary perspective
SO	CONSERVATION ECOLOGY
AB	The benefits and risks of any particular GM crop depend on the interactions of its ecological functions and natural history with the agroecosystem and ecosystems within which it is embedded. These evolutionary and ecological factors must be considered when assessing GM crops. We argue that the assessment of GM crops should be broadened to include alternative agricultural practices, ecosystem management, and agricultural policy. Such an assessment would be facilitated by a clearer understanding of the indirect costs of agriculture and the ecological services that support it. The benefits of GM crops should be compared to those of other means of agricultural intensification such as organic farming, integrated pest management, and agricultural policy reform. A gradual and cautious approach to the use of GM crops that relies on a truly comprehensive risk assessment could allow people to reap substantial benefits from GM crops while mitigating their serious risks.
PY	2000
PD	JUN
VL	4
IS	1
AR	13
AU	Trewavas, A
TI	Urban myths of organic farming
SO	NATURE
PY	2001
PD	MAR 22
VL	410
IS	6827
BP	409
EP	410
AU	Robertson, AI
TI	The gaps between ecosystem ecology and industrial agriculture
SO	ECOSYSTEMS
PY	2000
PD	SEP-OCT
VL	3
IS	5
BP	413
EP	418
AU	Cairns, MA Haggerty, PK Alvarez, R De Jong, BHJ Olmsted, I
TI	Tropical Mexico's recent land-use change: A region's contribution to the global carbon cycle
SO	ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
AB	We applied modeled biomass density estimates to changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) statistics for the intensively impacted and highly fragmented landscape of tropical Mexico to estimate the flux of carbon (C) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere between 1977 and 1992. Biomass densities were assigned to hybrid LU/LC classes on vegetation maps produced by Mexican governmental organizations and, by differencing areas and biomass C pools, net C flux was calculated in the eight-state tropical region of southeast Mexico. These states, representing tropical Mexico, experienced a mean annual deforestation rate of nearly 559 000 ha/yr, or 1.9%, between 1977 and 1992. The total area of closed forests decreased by 26%, open/fragmented forests decreased by 31%, and agroecosystem areas increased by 64%. Total mean biomass densities ranged from a high of 265 Mg/ha in the Veracruz state tall/medium tropical evergreen forest class to a low of 12 Mg/ha in the cultivated land class (several states). We estimate that a total of 280 Tg C were released from the terrestrial biosphere during the 15-yr period covered by our study, equal to nearly 20% of the region's 1977 biomass C pool. The study region, while comprising just 24% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 36% of the net national C emissions from LU/LC change.
PY	2000
PD	OCT
VL	10
IS	5
BP	1426
EP	1441
AU	Ellis, EC Li, RG Yang, LZ Cheng, X
TI	Long-term change in village-scale ecosystems in China using landscape and statistical methods
SO	ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
AB	Densely populated village ecosystems in subsistence agriculture regions cover a global area equivalent to two-thirds of that of tropical rainforests. Measuring longterm anthropogenic changes in these regions presents methodological challenges for ecologists, because ecosystem processes must be measured and compared under preindustrial vs. contemporary conditions within highly heterogeneous anthropogenic landscapes. In this study, we use landscape classification and observational uncertainty analysis to stratify, estimate, and compare changes in landscape structure caused by the transition from traditional to modern management within a single village in China's Tai Lake Region. Contemporary data were gathered on-site during 1993-1996 using aerial photography, field surveying, local knowledge, and household surveys, while traditional period estimates, similar to 1930, were obtained using interviews, back estimation, and historical sources. A hierarchical landscape classification scheme was used to stratify village landscapes into 35 fine-scale landscape components with relatively homogeneous ecosystem processes. Monte Carlo simulation and data quality indexing were used to calculate and compare village and component areas and their changes. Using this approach, we observed significant longterm declines in the proportion of village area covered by paddy (-12%), fallow, and perennial areas (-8%), and increases in areas under buildings and infrastructure (+7%). Aquatic and wetland areas increased by nearly 40% from 1930 to 1994. Significant declines in fallow and perennial vegetation and increases in constructed and heavily trafficked areas indicate overall increases in human disturbance. Our methods for observational uncertainty analysis, anthropogenic landscape classification, and the linking of imagery with field, household, and other local data are powerful tools for detecting and monitoring long-term ecological changes within anthropogenic landscapes.
PY	2000
PD	AUG
VL	10
IS	4
BP	1057
EP	1073
AU	Dasgupta, P Levin, S Lubchenco, J
TI	Economic pathways to ecological sustainability
SO	BIOSCIENCE
PY	2000
PD	APR
VL	50
IS	4
BP	339
EP	345
AU	Smith, OH Petersen, GW Needelman, BA
TI	Environmental indicators of agroecosystems
SO	ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 69
SE	ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY
PY	2000
VL	69
BP	75
EP	97
AU	Cantlon, JE Koenig, HE
TI	Sustainable ecological economies
SO	ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
AB	A brief accounting is presented of the evolution of natural ecosystems and human cultures including industrialization and its ecologically-significant interactions with natural abiotic and biotic processes of the earth. These accounts show, among other things, that excess resource harvest rates and material releases into the natural environment have been ecological risks of growing scope and scale throughout the history of political economies. The growing ecological risks of industrialization are attributed to disparities between the rates and directions of evolution in the ecological features of process and structure of corporate and political economies relative to the rates and directions of evolution in their cultural institutions of control. Many social and political organizations are now calling for adaptations toward sustainable industrialization by promoting evolution in the cultural institutions of control through research, education, ethics, politics and government. What is required are on-line institutional processes for effectively translating emerging ecological risk assessments into economic incentives for feasible adaptations throughout the systems. Institutionalization of such on-line adaptive processes requires broad moral-ethical enlightenment and social-political commitment to make the emerging scientific, technological and economic dimensions productive (Faber et al., 1996). This paper presents on-line strategies of ecological risk assessment and control which are believed to be superior to alternatives that require a prior consensus on economic valuations of natural resource stocks, natural processes and environmental damages; and incentives have advantages over prescriptive regulations. When viewed in their greater economic context, the proposed strategies are formulated as coordinated institutions of on-line ecological and fiscal control processes on what is here defined as the ecological economies of corporate and political economies. The objective of the proposed control strategies is to pursue trajectories of joint ecological and cultural evolution toward systems that are ecologically and culturally both satisfying and sustainable. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PY	1999
PD	OCT
VL	31
IS	1
BP	107
EP	121