Annual Reviews

Results of a search in the Social Science section for 'globalization' in abstracts:

Mauro F. Guillén
IS GLOBALIZATION CIVILIZING, DESTRUCTIVE OR FEEBLE? A CRITIQUE OF FIVE KEY DEBATES IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCE LITERATURE
Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27: 235-260.

Seán Ó Riain
STATES AND MARKETS IN AN ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26: 187-213.

R. Lederman
GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF CULTURE AREAS: Melanesianist Anthropology in Transition
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 27: 427-449.

Anne Francis Okongwu, and Joan P. Mencher
THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PUBLIC POLICY: Shifting Terrains
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 29: 107-124.

Michael Gochfeld, and Bernard D. Goldstein
LESSONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Annu. Rev. Public Health. 20: 35-53.

Kathleen C. Schwartzman
GLOBALIZATION AND DEMOCRACY
Annu. Rev. Sociol. 24: 159-181.

Robert W. Hefner
MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism in a Globalizing Age
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 27: 83-104.

Sandhya Shukla
LOCATIONS FOR SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORAS
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 30: 551-572.

Sidney Tarrow
TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS: Contention and Institutions in International Politics
Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 4: 1-20.

Abstract 1 of 9 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2001. 27:235-260.

IS GLOBALIZATION CIVILIZING, DESTRUCTIVE OR FEEBLE? A CRITIQUE OF
FIVE KEY DEBATES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE

Mauro F. Guillén
The Wharton School and Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; e-mail: guillen@wharton.upenn.edu

KEY WORDS: convergence, nation-state, modernity, global culture

The sociological, economic, political, and anthropological literatures are devoting increasing attention to globalization. This chapter discusses the various connotations of the term and puts it in historical perspective. Existing theoretical and empirical research on globalization is organized around five key issues or questions: Is it really happening? Does it produce convergence? Does it undermine the authority of nation-states? Is globality different from modernity? Is a global culture in the making? A plea is made for a comparative sociology of globalization that is sensitive to local variations and to how agency, interest, and resistance mediate in the relationship between globalization causes and outcomes.

The bulk of the earth must not only be spherical, but not large in comparison with the size of other stars.

-Aristotle (384-322 BC), as quoted by Dreyer (1953, p. 118)

Abstract 2 of 9 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2000. 26:187-213.

STATES AND MARKETS IN AN ERA OF GLOBALIZATION

Seán Ó Riain
Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; e-mail: sporiain@ucdavis.edu

KEY WORDS: neoliberalism, welfare states, development, capitalism, socialism

The paper considers how states and markets shape one another at the national and world-system levels and how globalization is transforming that relationship. This process is illustrated through a review of research on liberal, social rights, developmental, and socialist states in the postwar capitalist economy. These state models were reconciled with expanding international markets through a series of controls on trade and capital flows. Globalization has undermined many of these controls so that states must increasingly integrate themselves into local and global networks. States are experimenting with organizational and strategic changes nationally and internationally in order to respond to a networked economy and polity. Neoliberal institutions are the dominant force shaping the relation between states and markets in the contemporary era, but alternative state-society alliances are emerging to contest the hegemony of neoliberalism in shaping globalization.

Abstract 3 of 9 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1998. 27:427-449.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF CULTURE AREAS: Melanesianist
Anthropology in Transition

R. Lederman
Anthropology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; e-mail: Lederman@pucc.princeton.edu

KEY WORDS: comparison, marginality, Melanesia, place

In the last decade, anthropology has faced challenges to its self-definition associated both with new worldly circumstances and scholarly trends inside and outside the discipline. Recent interest in globalization has provoked discussion concerning what anthropology should be about, how it might be done, and what its relationships are to other bodies of literature and knowledge practices. Unsettling questions have been raised about working concepts of culture, ethnography, the field, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Extending the rethinking of "place" in anthropology begun by Appadurai, I consider the future of "culture areas" as discursive frameworks for organizing disciplinary practices. Some characteristics of anthropological regionalism are located by contrasting them to interdisciplinary area studies, insofar as globalization poses apparently similar challenges to each. Because of its iconic disciplinary status as an exemplar of "real" anthropology, Melanesianist ethnography is given extended consideration as a particularly interesting case.

Abstract 4 of 9 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2000. 29:107-124.

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PUBLIC POLICY: Shifting Terrains

Anne Francis Okongwu
Department of Education, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10023-2769
Joan P. Mencher
Department of Anthropology, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10023-2769; e-mail: jmencher@gc.cuny.edu

KEY WORDS: globalization, social welfare policy, global agriculture, environmental policy, social inequality

As we enter the twenty-first century, the terrain on which social policy is made is changing rapidly. This has resulted in anthropologists, in combination with other social scientists, giving serious attention to the impact of this new phase of globalization on changes in social and environmental policies. This review focuses on the ways in which anthropology as a field has contributed, and continues to contribute, to social policy research, practice, and advocacy in the current international context. Given the limited space allotted, we have selected the following six arenas of public policy for analysis and description: (a) links between globalization processes and policy on the national and local levels; (b) social welfare policy, including employment and family welfare survival strategies; (c) the impact of structural adjustment and economic restructuring on migration and labor force incorporation; (d) policies in the north and south related to global agriculture, social inequality, and the manipulations of some multinational corporations; (e) policies affecting sustainable agriculture; and (f) the role of anthropologists in examining the impact of political and economic hegemony on the environment.

Abstract 5 of 9 Annu. Rev. Public Health. 1999. 20:35-53.

LESSONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Michael Gochfeld and Bernard D. Goldstein
Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; e-mail: gochfeld@eohsi.rutgers.edu

KEY WORDS: exposure assessment, biomarkers, susceptibility, population, risk assessment, sustainability, toxicology mechanisms

Environmental health has evolved rapidly in recent decades, drawing largely on new analytic technologies, advanced data acquisition and modeling, mechanistic studies in toxicology, and the conceptual framework of risk assessment. The latter combines toxicologic and epidemiologic data with improved techniques for quantifying exposure, producing estimates of risks from environmental hazards or conditions to selected target populations. The public and governments have become increasingly concerned with environmental health and quality. The major lessons have been (a) environmental-health scientists must participate in policy debates; (b) environmental health problems are exceedingly complex and require interdisciplinary research; and (c) environmental health is a global issue. The globalization of commerce, the untested impact of international trade agreements, increased migration, and especially increased population, have profound impact on the quality as well as availability of air, water, land, and food. Global atmospheric transport of pollutants and the effect on atmosphere and climate are two examples of globalization of environmental health.

Abstract 6 of 9 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1998. 24:159-181.

GLOBALIZATION AND DEMOCRACY

Kathleen C. Schwartzman
Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721; e-mail: KCS@U.Arizona.edu

KEY WORDS: democratization, redemocratization, semiperiphery, global convergence, B-phase, hegemonic shifts, foreign capital investment, foreign intervention, social movements

By 1996, 66% of the countries of the world were using elections to choose their top leaders. This wave of democratization was accompanied by a paradigm shift that took the large number of historically clustered democratizations and called it a "wave." The scholarship has moved beyond overly episodic, event-oriented accounts of democratization to comparative work that investigates the impact of global processes on the political regimes of nations. This review examines numerous renderings of the linkage between globalization and democratization, including: favorable climate for democracy, global economic growth, global crises, foreign intervention, hegemonic shifts, and world-system contraction. Those authors who have advanced a stronger theoretical integration of the global and domestic processes offer exceptional insight into the momentous shifts that recently have occurred.

Abstract 7 of 9 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1998. 27:83-104.

MULTIPLE MODERNITIES: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism in a Globalizing Age

Robert W. Hefner
Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; e-mail: rhefner@bu.edu

KEY WORDS: world religions, modernity, globalization, secularization, conversion

The late twentieth century has seen far-reaching changes in the translocal cultural regimes known as world religions. This review examines the politics and meanings of recent changes in three such religions: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. It highlights the nature of the forces reshaping religious meanings and authority, the processes promoting conversion and standardization, and the implications of these religious refigurations for our understanding of late modernity itself. Though modernity is multiple and every tradition unique, this review suggests that all contemporary religions confront a similar structural predicament, related to the globalization of mass societies and the porous pluralism of late modernity.

Abstract 8 of 9 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2001. 30:551-572.

LOCATIONS FOR SOUTH ASIAN DIASPORAS

Sandhya Shukla
Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027; e-mail: srs52@columbia.edu

KEY WORDS: migration, nationalism, postcolonial formations, race and ethnicity, identity

This review explores the cultural consequences of migrations from the Indian subcontinent for interdisciplinary inquiries into difference and belonging. It poses the question of whether the constructed term South Asian can adequately bridge the divide between more internationalist conceptions of diaspora and nationalist accounts of racial and ethnic formation, and if so, whether it creates new epistemologies for the consideration of migration in highly globalized political and economic arrangements. In arguing that multiple formations of nationality take place in diasporic culture, this review also intervenes in debates in anthropology about the geographical and conceptual boundaries of community. Finally, in suggesting that gender, sexuality, and generation might profoundly fissure South Asian and other diasporas, the article raises the question of the implicit limits of any category of location or identity.

Abstract 9 of 9 Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2001. 4:1-20.

TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS: Contention and Institutions in International Politics

Sidney Tarrow
Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; e-mail: sgt2@cornell.edu

KEY WORDS: social movements, NGOs, transnational advocacy networks, contentious politics, international institutions

Recent scholars have broadened the study of transnational relations, once limited to political economy, to include contentious international politics. This is a refreshing trend, but most of them leap directly from globalization or some other such process to transnational social movements and thence to a global civil society. In addition, they have so far failed to distinguish among movements, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and transnational networks and do not adequately specify their relations with states and international institutions. In particular, few mechanisms are proposed to link domestic actors to transnational ones and to states and international institutions. This paper argues that mass-based transnational social movements are hard to construct, are difficult to maintain, and have very different relations to states and international institutions than more routinized international NGOs or activist networks. These latter forms may be encouraged both by states and international institutions and by the growth of a cosmopolitan class of transnational activists. Rather than being the antipodes of transnational contention, international institutions offer resources, opportunities, and incentives for the formation of actors in transnational politics. If transnational social movements form, it will be through a second-stage process of domestication of international conflict.

Suzanne Berger
GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICS
Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 3: 43-62.

Martina Morris, and Bruce Western
INEQUALITY IN EARNINGS AT THE CLOSE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Annu. Rev. Sociol. 25: 623-657.

Ronald Barrett, Christopher W. Kuzawa, Thomas McDade, and George J. Armelagos
EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: The Third Epidemiologic Transition
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 27: 247-271.

John Lie
SOCIOLOGY OF MARKETS
Annu. Rev. Sociol. 23: 341-360.

William F. Fisher
DOING GOOD? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 26: 439-464.

Sjaak van der Geest, Susan Reynolds Whyte, and Anita Hardon
THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PHARMACEUTICALS: A Biographical Approach
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 25: 153-178.

Abstract 1 of 6 Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2000. 3:43-62.

GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICS

Suzanne Berger
Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; e-mail: szberger@mit.edu

KEY WORDS: internationalization, neoliberalism, trade opening, social dumping, states and markets

This chapter reviews the issues at stake in current public and scholarly debates over the impact of changes in the international economy on domestic politics and society. Over the past two decades, there have been dramatic increases in the flow of portfolio capital, foreign direct investment, and foreign exchange trading across borders at the same time as barriers to trade in goods and services have come down. These changes raise many new questions about the effects of trade and capital mobility on the autonomy of nation-states and the relative power in society of various groups. The first signs of realignments within and between political parties of both the left and the right over issues of national independence and trade openness suggest a rich new terrain for political inquiry.

Abstract 2 of 6 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1999. 25:623-657.

INEQUALITY IN EARNINGS AT THE CLOSE OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Martina Morris
Departments of Sociology and Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; e-mail morris@pop.psu.edu
Bruce Western
Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540; e-mail: western@princeton.edu

KEY WORDS: stratification, economic restructuring, labor force, income, social change

Median income in the United States has fallen and the distribution of income has grown markedly more unequal over the past three decades, reversing a general pattern of earnings growth and equalization dating back to 1929. Median trends were not the same for all groups-women's earnings generally increased-but the growth in earnings inequality has been experienced by all groups. Even white men employed full-time, year-round-traditionally the most privileged and secure group-could not escape wage stagnation and polarization. These patterns suggest research questions that go beyond conventional sociological interest in racial and gender wage gaps, refocusing attention on more general changes in labor market dynamics. The debates over the origins of the rise in US inequality cover a wide range of issues that can be roughly grouped into four categories: the changing demographics of the labor force, the impact of economic restructuring, the role of political context and institutions, and the dynamics of globalization. We review the empirical literature here, and challenge the field of sociology to reconstruct its research agenda on stratification and inequality.

Abstract 3 of 6 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1998. 27:247-271.

EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES: The Third Epidemiologic
Transition

Ronald Barrett, Christopher W. Kuzawa, Thomas McDade, and George J. Armelagos
Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; e-mail: rbarret@learnlink.emory.edu; antga@learnlink.emory.edu; ckuzawa@emory.edu;
tmcdade@emory.edu

KEY WORDS: health transition, history of disease, political ecology, paleopathology, medical anthropology

We use an expanded framework of multiple epidemiologic transitions to review the issues of re/emerging infection. The first epidemiologic transition was associated with a rise in infectious diseases that accompanied the Neolithic Revolution. The second epidemiologic transition involved the shift from infectious to chronic disease mortality associated with industrialization. The recent resurgence of infectious disease mortality marks a third epidemiologic transition characterized by newly emerging, re- emerging, and antibiotic resistant pathogens in the context of an accelerated globalization of human disease ecologies. These transitions illustrate recurring sociohistorical and ecological themes in human-disease relationships from the Paleolithic Age to the present day.

Abstract 4 of 6 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1997. 23:341-360.

SOCIOLOGY OF MARKETS

John Lie
Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 702 South Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801; e-mail: j-lie@uiuc.edu

KEY WORDS: exchange, trade, economic sociology, political economy

This paper surveys sociological approaches to the study of markets. After considering the economic approach, I delineate the wide range of theoretical schools, including alternative schools in economics, economic anthropology, cultural sociology, the embeddedness approach, and the new political economy. I also briefly discuss recent debates on the transition from planned economy to market and on globalization. I conclude by noting the difficulties of theorizing about the historical and institutional complexity of markets.

Abstract 5 of 6 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1997. 26:439-464.

DOING GOOD? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices

William F. Fisher
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

KEY WORDS: civil society, collective action, development, nongovernmental organizations, globalization

This review surveys current literature concerned with the growing numbers, changing functions, and intensifying networks of nongovernmental organization which have had significant impacts upon globalization, international and national politics, and local lives. Studies of these changes illuminate understandings of translocal flows of ideas, knowledge, funding, and people; shed light on changing relationships among citizenry, associations, and the state; and encourage a reconsideration of connections between the personal and the political. Attention is given to the political implications of discourses about NGOs, the complex micropolitics of these associations, and the importance of situating them as evolving processes within complexes of competing and overlapping practices and discourses.

Abstract 6 of 6 Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1996. 25:153-178.

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF PHARMACEUTICALS: A Biographical Approach

Sjaak van der Geest,1 Susan Reynolds Whyte,2 and Anita Hardon1
1Medical Anthropology Unit, University of Amsterdam, Oudezijds Achterburgwal 185, Amsterdam, 1012 DK The Netherlands

2Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Frederikholms Kanal 4, Copenhagen, 1220 Denmark

KEY WORDS: medical anthropology, pharmaceuticals, drugs, applied anthropology

This review discusses pharmaceuticals as social and cultural phenomena by following their "life cycle" from production, marketing, and prescription to distribution, purchasing, consumption, and finally their efficacy. Each phase has its own particular context, actors, and transactions and is characterized by different sets of values and ideas. The anthropology of pharmaceuticals is relevant to medical anthropology and health policy. It also touches the heart of
general anthropology with its long-time interest in the concepts of culture vs nature, symbolization and social transformation, and its more recent concerns with the cultural construction of the body and processes of globalization and localization. The study of transactions and meanings of pharmaceuticals in diverse social settings provides a particularly appropriate empirical base for addressing these new theoretical issues.