FN ISI Export Format
VR 1.0
PT Journal
AU Pollard, AJ
   Dobson, SR
TI Emerging infectious diseases in the 21st century
SO CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
AB The emergence of novel infectious diseases, and the reemergence
   of others, is not new. The global ecosystem is constantly
   changing, influencing the micro- and macroenvironments in which
   humans and their microbial companions reside and interact.
   Sometimes the environmental circumstances favour the pathogen
   and there is an unexpected increase in disease activity or
   emergence of a new infection. Alternatively, pathogenicity
   factors are acquired by the microbe, allowing new diseases to
   emerge or old diseases to increase in importance. The forces
   that drive the emergence, submergence and re-emergence of
   infectious diseases are varied, but the influence that humans
   have on the global ecosystem is often of central importance.
   This review considers infections that are of particular
   emerging importance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 13:265-275. (C) 2000
   Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
BP 265
EP 275
PG 11
JI Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.
PY 2000
PD JUN
VL 13
IS 3
GA 320CF
J9 CURR OPIN INFECT DIS
UT ISI:000087383000011
ER

PT Journal
AU Moore, CG
TI Aedes albopictus in the United States: Current status and
   prospects for further spread
SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION
AB Since its initial discovery in the continental USA in 1985, the
   Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, has spread rapidly
   throughout the eastern part of the country. Infestations of Ae,
   albopictus now have been reported to the Centers for Disease
   Control and Prevention from 919 counties in 26 states in the
   continental USA. This species is believed to be established in
   911 counties in 25 states. Single individuals or small numbers
   of Ae. albopictus have been intercepted and destroyed in 3
   additional states (California, New Mexico, and Washington).
   Five states (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
   and Tennessee) have reported infestations in all of their
   counties. The current reported distribution of Ae. albopictus
   was compared to ecoregions of the U.S. Environmental Protection
   Agency's Level III ecoregion map. Several areas are identified
   as probable candidates for extension of this species based on
   ecological characteristics of the landscape. In other areas,
   populations seem likely to become locally abundant in urban or
   suburban eases that do not reflect the native ecology of the
   region. The ability of Ae. albopictus to transmit a variety of
   pathogens of human and veterinary public health importance,
   coupled with its ability to colonize diverse ecological
   settings makes continued surveillance an important issue.
BP 221
EP 227
PG 7
JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.
PY 1999
PD JUN
VL 15
IS 2
GA 212MF
J9 J AMER MOSQUITO CONTR ASSN
UT ISI:000081219900015
ER

PT Journal
AU Gratz, NG
TI Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases
SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY
AB Over the last four decades, a number of arthropod-borne
   infections have been recognized for the first time. Some have
   become of considerable public health importance, such as dengue
   hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and others are spreading
   geographically and their incidence is increasing. There has
   been an important recrudescence of several long-known vector-
   borne diseases. Malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue, and plague have
   resurged in numerous foci, in some cases where they were
   thought re be under effective control. In most instances, the
   appearance of new diseases and syndromes and the resurgence of
   old can be associated with ecological changes that have favored
   increased vector densities. Dam construction, irrigation and
   other development projects, urbanization, and deforestation
   have all resulted in changes in vector population densities
   that appear to have enabled the emergence of new diseases and
   the resurgence of old diseases. Greatly increased human travel
   has spread infectious agents, introducing them into areas in
   which they had been hitherto absent. It is essential to
   understand the factors that caused increased vector densities
   and hence the transmission of disease to prevent the emergence
   and resurgence of more diseases, as well as to serve as a basis
   for effective control.
BP 51
EP 75
PG 25
JI Annu. Rev. Entomol.
PY 1999
VL 44
GA 163ZA
J9 ANNU REV ENTOMOL
UT ISI:000078435900004
ER

PT Journal
AU Reiter, P
TI Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995:
   The shape of things to come?
SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION
AB In the decade since used tires were identified as the mode of
   introduction of Aedes albopictus to the United States, similar
   infestations have been reported from 10 other countries in the
   Americas and 2 in Europe. Millions of used tires are still
   being traded throughout the world and although a few
   governments have implemented inspection procedures to prevent
   further introductions, these are unlikely to be effective.
   Further introductions of mosquitoes of potential public health
   significance are inevitable.
BP 83
EP 94
PG 12
JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.
PY 1998
PD MAR
VL 14
IS 1
GA ZN859
J9 J AMER MOSQUITO CONTR ASSN
UT ISI:000073690500013
ER

PT Journal
AU Moore, CG
   Mitchell, CJ
TI Aedes albopictus in the United States: Ten-year presence and
   public health implications
SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
AB Since its discovery in Houston, Texas, in 1987, the Asian
   ''tiger mosquito'' Aedes albopictus has spread to 678 counties
   in 25 states. This species, which readily colonizes container
   habitats in the peridomestic environment, was probably
   introduced into the continental United States in shipments of
   scrap tires from northern Asia. The early pattern of dispersal
   followed the interstate highway system, which suggests further
   dispersal by human activities. The Public Health Service Act of
   1988 requires shipments of used tires from countries with Ae.
   albopictus to be treated to prevent further importations. Given
   the extensive spread of the mosquito in the United States, it
   is questionable whether such a requirement is still justified.
   Ae. albopictus, a major biting pest throughout much of its
   range, is a competent laboratory vector of at least 22
   arboviruses, including many viruses of public health
   importance. Cache Valley and eastern equine encephalomyelitis
   viruses are the only human pathogens isolated from U.S.
   populations of Ae. albopictus. There is no evidence that this
   mosquito is the vector of human disease in the United States.
BP 329
EP 334
PG 6
JI Emerg. Infect. Dis
PY 1997
PD JUL-SEP
VL 3
IS 3
GA XR517
J9 EMERG INFECT DIS
UT ISI:A1997XR51700009
ER

PT Journal
AU Daily, GC
   Ehrlich, PR
TI Global change and human susceptibility to disease
SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
AB Although the loss of good health is inherently unpredictable,
   human behavior at the individual and societal levels profoundly
   influences the incidence and evolution of disease. In this
   review, we define the human epidemiological environment and
   describe key biophysical, economic, sociocultural, and
   political factors that shape it. The potential impact upon the
   epidemiological environment of biophysical aspects of global
   change-changes in the size, mobility, and geographic
   distribution of the human population; land conversion;
   agricultural intensification; and climate change-is then
   examined. Human vulnerability to disease is strongly and
   deleteriously influenced by many of these ongoing, intensifying
   alterations. We then examine threats to human defenses against
   disease, including immune suppression, loss of biodiversity and
   indigenous knowledge, and the evolution of antibiotic
   resistance. Effective responses will require greatly enhanced
   attention by and collaboration among experts in diverse
   academic disciplines, in the private sector, and in government
   worldwide.
BP 125
EP 144
PG 20
JI Annu. Rev. Energ. Environ.
PY 1996
VL 21
GA VW793
J9 ANNU REV ENERG ENVIRON
UT ISI:A1996VW79300007
ER