FN ISI Export Format
VR 1.0
PT Journal
AU Ziegler, J
   Linck, R
   Wright, DW
TI Heme aggregation inhibitors: Antimalarial drugs targeting an
   essential biomineralization process
SO CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
AB Malaria, resulting from the parasites of the genus Plasmodium,
   places an untold burden on the global population. As recently
   as 40 years ago, only 10% of the world's population was at risk
   from malaria. Today, over 40% of the world's population is at
   risk. Due to increased parasite resistance to traditional drugs
   and vector resistance to insecticides, malaria is once again
   resurgent. An emergent theme from current strategies for the
   development of new antimalarials is that metal homeostasis
   within the parasite represents an important drug target. During
   the intra-erythrocytic phase of its life cycle, the malaria
   parasite can degrade up to 75% of an infected cell's
   hemoglobin. While hemoglobin proteolysis yields requisite amino
   acids, it also releases toxic free heme (Fe(III)PPIX). To
   balance the metabolic requirements for amino acids against the
   toxic effects of heme, malaria parasites have evolved a
   detoxification mechanism which involves the formation of a
   crystalline heme aggregate known as hemozoin. An overview of
   the biochemistry of the critical detoxification process will
   place it in the appropriate context with regards to drug
   targeting and design. Quinoline-ring antimalarial drugs are
   effective against the intraerythrocytic stages of pigment-
   producing parasites. Recent work on the mechanism of these
   compounds suggests that they prevent the formation of hemozoin.
   Evidence for such a mechanism is reviewed, especially in the
   context of the newly reported crystal structure of hemozoin.
   Additionally, novel drugs, such as the hydroxyxanthones, which
   have many of the characteristics of the quinolines are
   currently being investigated. Recent work has also highlighted
   two classes of inorganic complexes that have interesting
   antimalarial activity: (1) metal-N4O2 Schiff base complexes and
   (2) porphyrins. The mechanism of action for these complexes is
   discussed. The use of these complexes as probes for the
   elucidation of structure-activity relationships in heme
   polymerization inhibitor design and the loci of drug resistance
   is also detailed. As the biochemistry of the complicated
   interactions between host, parasite, and vector become better
   understood, the rationale for new antimalarial drug treatments
   will continue to improve. Clearly, the homeostasis of metal
   ions is a complicated biochemical process and is not completely
   understood. For the immediate future, it does, however, provide
   a clear target for the development of new and improved
   treatments for malaria.
BP 171
EP 189
PG 19
JI Curr. Med. Chem.
PY 2001
PD FEB
VL 8
IS 2
GA 397XG
J9 CURR MEDICINAL CHEM
UT ISI:000166723200007
ER

PT Journal
AU Kissinger, JC
   Milgram, AJ
   Fraunholz, MJ
   Roos, DS
   Brunk, BP
   Crabtree, J
   Diskin, SJ
   Schug, J
   Overton, GC
   Stoeckert, CJ
   Coppel, RL
   Huestis, RL
TI PlasmoDB: An integrative database of the Plasmodium falciparum
   genome. Tools for accessing and analyzing finished and
   unfinished sequence data
SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
AB The Plasmodium falciparum Genome Database (http://
   PlasmoDB.org) integrates sequence information, automated
   analyses and annotation data emerging from the P.falciparum
   genome sequencing consortium. To date, raw sequence coverage is
   available for >90% of the genome, and two chromosomes have been
   finished and annotated. Data in PlasmoDB are organized by
   chromosome (1-14), and can be accessed using a variety of tools
   for graphical and text-based browsing or downloaded in various
   file formats. The GUS (Genomics Unified Schema) implementation
   of PlasmoDB provides a multi-species genomic relational
   database, incorporating data from human and mouse, as well as
   P.falciparum. The relational schema uses a highly structured
   format to accommodate diverse data sets related to genomic
   sequence and gene expression. Tools have been designed to
   facilitate complex biological queries, including many that are
   specific to Plasmodium parasites and malaria as a disease.
   Additional projects seek to integrate genomic information with
   the rich data sets now becoming available for RNA
   transcription, protein expression, metabolic pathways, genetic
   and physical mapping, antigenic and population diversity, and
   phylogenetic relationships with other apicomplexan parasites.
   The overall goal of PlasmoDB is to facilitate Internet- and CD-
   ROM-based access to both finished and unfinished sequence
   information by the global malaria research community.
BP 66
EP 69
PG 4
JI Nucleic Acids Res.
PY 2001
PD JAN 1
VL 29
IS 1
GA 391MT
J9 NUCL ACID RES
UT ISI:000166360300015
ER

PT Journal
AU Attaran, A
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Panel should be
   set up to review malaria control proposals from endemic
   countries
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 174
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300053
ER

PT Journal
AU Nabarro, D
   Roberfroid, A
   Pannenborg, O
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Agencies dispute
   Attaran's view of Roll Back Malaria initiative
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 174
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300054
ER

PT Journal
AU Yamey, G
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Shooting the
   messenger: Reply
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 175
PG 2
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300055
ER

PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
   Graczyk, TK
   Geller, N
   Vittor, AY
TI Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases
SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY
AB Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and
   proliferation of malaria and zoonotic parasitic diseases,
   including, Leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis,
   trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis,
   and loiasis. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a
   natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes the
   ecological balance and context within which disease hosts or
   vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease.
   Each species occupies a particular ecological niche and vector
   species sub-populations are distinct behaviourally and
   genetically as they adapt to man-made environments. Most
   zoonotic parasites display three distinct life cycles:
   sylvatic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic. In adapting to changed
   environmental conditions, including reduced non human
   population and increased human population, some vectors display
   conversion from a primarily zoophyllic to primarily
   anthrophyllic orientation. Deforestation and ensuing changes in
   landuse, human settlement, commercial development, road
   construction, water control systems (dams, canals, irrigation
   systems, reservoirs), and climate, singly, and in combination
   have been accompanied by global increases in morbidity and
   mortality from emergent parasitic disease. The replacement of
   forests with crop farming, ranching, and raising small animals
   can create supportive habitats for parasites and their host
   vectors. When the landuse of deforested areas changes, the
   pattern of human settlement is altered and habitat
   fragmentation may provide opportunities for exchange and
   transmission of parasites to the heretofore uninfected humans.
   Construction of water control projects can lead to shifts in
   such vector populations as snails and mosquitoes and their
   parasites. Construction of roads in previously inaccessible
   forested areas can lead to erosion, and stagnant ponds by
   blocking the Row of streams when the water rises during the
   rainy season. The combined effects of environmentally
   detrimental changes in local landuse and alterations in global
   climate disrupt the natural ecosystem and can increase the risk
   of transmission of parasitic diseases to the human population.
   (C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by
   Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BP 1395
EP 1405
PG 11
JI Int. J. Parasit.
PY 2000
PD NOV
VL 30
IS 12-13
GA 387WM
J9 INT J PARASITOL
UT ISI:000166144900014
ER

PT Journal
AU Wilson, K
TI Global warming and the spread of disease: the debate heats up
SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
BP 488
EP 488
PG 1
JI Trends Ecol. Evol.
PY 2000
PD DEC
VL 15
IS 12
GA 383AV
J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT
UT ISI:000165860300007
ER

PT Journal
AU Stephenson, I
   Wiselka, M
TI Drug treatment of tropical parasitic infections - Recent
   achievements and developments
SO DRUGS
AB Drug development offers potential solutions to a number of
   tropical health diseases, although the expense of
   pharmaceutical research and lack of return on investment has
   limited the production of new agents. The greatest successes
   have been through the development of single dose therapy and
   mass treatment control programmes for a number of diseases. We
   review some of the current treatment regimens for malaria,
   intestinal helminth infection, onchocerciasis, filariasis and
   schistosomiasis, and their use in clinical practice.
   Geographical spread and emergence of drug resistant parasites
   have hindered the control of malaria, the most important global
   parasitic infection. Artemisinin compounds have proved
   effective antimalarial agents producing rapid reduction of
   parasite load and can be used in combination treatment regimens
   to combat multidrug resistance. Intestinal helminth infections
   are widespread, giving rise to nutritional deficiencies and
   impaired childhood cognitive development. Pregnant women in
   developing countries are at increased risk of morbidity.
   Treatment with a single dose benzimidazole such as albendazole
   or mebendazole has beneficial effects on morbidity and rates of
   transmission. Diethylcarbamazine has been used in the treatment
   of onchocerciasis and human filariasis. A complicated
   escalating dose regimen over several weeks is associated with
   systemic and allergic reactions and may require corticosteroid
   cover. Simplified regimens for mass population treatment with
   ivermectin have proved useful and been used in combination with
   single dose albendazole and diethylcarbamazine. The African
   Programme for Onchocerciasis Control in West and Central Africa
   has been one of the most successful mass control programmes
   virtually eliminating new infections by a combination of
   chemotherapy, education and vector control. Schistosomiasis is
   of increasing importance as a result of the creation of new
   snail habitats by agricultural and economic development.
   Praziquantel has become the most widely available and effective
   chemotherapy for schistosomiasis. There have been a number of
   reports of persistent schistosome egg shedding after treatment
   posing concerns about the emergence of drug resistance.
   Eflornithine has been successfully used in patients with human
   trypanosomiasis failing melarsoprol therapy however expense and
   availability have limited its potential. Mass control treatment
   programmes have targeted schoolchildren, adolescents and
   pregnant women. The integration of schistosomiasis,
   onchocerciasis, filariasis and helminth control programmes has
   been considered as a cost-effective method of delivering
   treatment. It is likely that future control will be based on
   this optimisation and integration of existing regimens, rather
   than the development of new agents.
BP 985
EP 995
PG 11
JI Drugs
PY 2000
PD NOV
VL 60
IS 5
GA 380EQ
J9 DRUGS
UT ISI:000165686700002
ER

PT Journal
AU Riley, EM
TI The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: a new
   century of malaria research
SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ
AB The global malaria situation has scarcely improved in the last
   100 years, despite major advances in our knowledge of the basic
   biology, epidemiology and clinical basis of the disease.
   Effective malaria control, leading to a significant decrease in
   the morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria, will
   require a multidisciplinary approach. New tools - drugs,
   vaccine and insecticides - are needed but there is also much to
   be gained by better use of existing tools: using drugs in
   combination in order to slow the development of drug
   resistance; targeting resources to areas of greatest need;
   using geographic information systems to map the populations at
   risk and more sophisticated marketing techniques to distribute
   bed nets and insecticides. Sustainable malaria control may
   require the deployment of a highly effective vaccine, but there
   is much that can be done in the meantime to reduce the burden
   of disease.
BP 25
EP 32
PG 8
JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
PY 2000
VL 95
SU 1
GA 377RD
J9 MEM INST OSWALDO CRUZ
UT ISI:000165526400005
ER

PT Journal
AU Attaran, A
   Maharaj, R
TI Ethical debate - Doctoring malaria, badly: the global campaign
   to ban DDT
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 1403
EP 1403
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2000
PD DEC 2
VL 321
IS 7273
GA 380TT
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000165720100035
ER

PT Journal
AU Walker, K
TI Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria
   control
SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY
AB In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual
   spraying has declined substantially over the past 30 years, but
   this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria
   control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative
   insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in
   some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes
   (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used
   for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles, due to
   excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost
   comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to
   be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which
   cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6
   months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage
   still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes
   from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate
   formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two
   organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for
   residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on
   these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show that
   DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per
   house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT
   production declines. At the same time, the prices of
   pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more
   expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs,
   including operations (labour), transportation and human safety
   may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some
   pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although
   possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern.
   However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect
   local costs or effective application dosages at the country
   level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health
   ministries of individual countries showed that prices of
   particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open
   market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide in any
   given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case
   basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health
   insecticides could improve access to affordable products.
BP 345
EP 354
PG 10
JI Med. Vet. Entomol.
PY 2000
PD DEC
VL 14
IS 4
GA 376QT
J9 MED VET ENTOMOL
UT ISI:000165468800001
ER

PT Journal
AU Cooke, BM
TI Molecular approaches to malaria: Seeking the whole picture
SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY
AB This year, Australia hosted its first major international
   conference on malaria - Molecular Approaches to Malaria in
   Lorne, Victoria, 2-5 February 2000 (MAM2000). The worldwide
   research effort toward a better understanding of the
   pathogenesis and control of malaria in the post-genomic era was
   discussed and debated by over 250 researchers from 18 countries
   during four days packed with molecular biology, cell biology,
   genomics, vaccines and pathogenic mechanisms. This special
   malaria edition of Parasitology Today is an attempt to capture
   and summarize the quality and breadth of work presented at the
   conference and place this in the context of the current global
   malaria research effort; eight of the nine Reviews in this
   issue have been written by session chairs or presenters at
   MAM2000.
BP 407
EP 408
PG 2
JI Parasitol. Today
PY 2000
PD OCT
VL 16
IS 10
GA 359YL
J9 PARASITOL TODAY
UT ISI:000089639600001
ER

PT Journal
AU Brown, GV
   Beck, HP
   Molyneux, M
   Marsh, K
TI Molecular approaches to epidemiology and clinical aspects of
   malaria
SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY
AB Malaria is a problem of global importance, responsible for 1-2
   million deaths per year, mainly in African children, as well as
   considerable morbidity manifested as severe anaemia and
   encephalopathy in young children. Fundamental to the
   development of new tools for malaria control in humans is an
   increased understanding of key features of malaria infection,
   such as the diversity of outcome in different individuals, the
   understanding of different manifestations of the disease and of
   the mechanisms of immunity that allow clinical protection in
   the face of ongoing low-grade infection (concomitant immunity
   or premunition). Here, Graham Brown and colleagues review some
   of the ways in which molecular approaches might be used to
   increase our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical
   manifestations of malaria, as discussed at the Molecular
   Approaches to Malaria conference (MAM2000), Lorne, Australia,
   2-5 February 2000.
BP 448
EP 451
PG 6
JI Parasitol. Today
PY 2000
PD OCT
VL 16
IS 10
GA 359YL
J9 PARASITOL TODAY
UT ISI:000089639600011
ER

PT Journal
AU Jonsson, NN
   Reid, SWJ
TI Global climate change and vector borne diseases
SO VETERINARY JOURNAL
BP 87
EP 89
PG 3
JI Vet. J.
PY 2000
PD SEP
VL 160
IS 2
GA 357GV
J9 VET J
UT ISI:000089490900003
ER

PT Journal
AU Githeko, AK
   Lindsay, SW
   Confalonieri, UE
   Patz, JA
TI Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis
SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
AB Current evidence suggests that inter-annual and inter-decadal
   climate variability have a direct influence on the epidemiology
   of vector-borne diseases. This evidence has been assessed at
   the continental level in order to determine the possible
   consequences of the expected future climate change. By 2100 it
   is estimated that average global temperatures will have risen
   by 1.0-3.5 degrees C, increasing the likelihood of many vector-
   borne diseases in new areas. The greatest effect of climate
   change on transmission is likely to be observed at the extremes
   of the range of temperatures at which transmission occurs. For
   many diseases these lie in the range 14-18 degrees C at the
   lower end and about 35-40 degrees C at the upper end. Malaria
   and dengue fever are among the most important vector-borne
   diseases in the tropics and subtropics; Lyme disease is the
   most common vector-borne disease in the USA and Europe.
   Encephalitis is also becoming a public health concern. Health
   risks due to climatic changes will differ between countries
   that have developed health infrastructures and those that do
   not. Human settlement patterns in the different regions will
   influence disease trends. While 70% of the population in South
   America is urbanized, the proportion in sub-Saharan Africa is
   less than 45%. Climatic anomalies associated with the El Nino-
   Southern Oscillation phenomenon and resulting in drought and
   floods are expected to increase in frequency and intensity.
   They have been linked to outbreaks of malaria in Africa, Asia
   and South America. Climate change has far-reaching consequences
   and touches on all life-support systems. It is therefore a
   factor that should be placed high among those that affect human
   health and survival.
BP 1136
EP 1147
PG 12
JI Bull. World Health Organ.
PY 2000
VL 78
IS 9
GA 353FJ
J9 BULL WHO
UT ISI:000089263900008
ER

PT Journal
AU Hay, SI
   Myers, MF
   Burke, DS
   Vaughn, DW
   Endy, T
   Ananda, N
   Shanks, GD
   Snow, RW
   Rogers, DJ
TI Etiology of interepidemic periods of mosquito-borne disease
SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED
   STATES OF AMERICA
AB Dengue viruses and malaria protozoa are of increasing global
   concern in public health. The diseases caused by these
   pathogens often show regular seasonal patterns in incidence
   because of the sensitivity of their mosquito vectors to
   climate. Between years in endemic areas, however, there can be
   further significant variation in case numbers for which public
   health systems are generally unprepared. There is an acute need
   for reliable predictions of within-year and between-year
   epidemic events. The prerequisite for developing any system of
   early warning is a detailed understanding of the factors
   involved in epidemic genesis. In this report we discuss the
   potential causes of the interepidemic periods in dengue
   hemorrhagic fever in Bangkok and of Plasmodium falciparum
   malaria in a highland area of western Kenya. The alternative
   causes are distinguished by a retrospective analysis of two
   unique and contemporaneous 33-year time series of
   epidemiological and associated meteorological data recorded at
   these two sites. We conclude that intrinsic population dynamics
   offer the most parsimonious explanation for the observed
   interepidemic periods of disease in these locations.
BP 9335
EP 9339
PG 5
JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
PY 2000
PD AUG 1
VL 97
IS 16
GA 341UL
J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
UT ISI:000088608000102
ER

PT Journal
AU Reiter, P
TI Malaria and global warming in perspective?
SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
BP 438
EP 439
PG 2
JI Emerg. Infect. Dis
PY 2000
PD JUL-AUG
VL 6
IS 4
GA 342TH
J9 EMERG INFECT DIS
UT ISI:000088660900031
ER

PT Journal
AU Trape, JE
TI Climatic changes and infectious diseases: Malaria and tick-
   borne relapsing borreliosis.
SO MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES
AB Malaria and tick-borne borreliosis are two vector-borne
   diseases whose epidemiology in Africa has been affected by
   climatic changes observed since the early 1970's. In the case
   of Borrelia crocidurae relapsing fever; the persistence ofsub-
   Saharan drought has been associated with a spread of the tick
   vector Alectorobius sonrai which was previously restricted to
   the Sahara and the Sahel. Now the disease has a high incidence
   in the Sudan savanna of West Africa where if was previously
   absent. In the case of malaria, drought has significantly
   reduced the distribution, abundance, or infection rate of
   anopheline vectors in these areas. However; the decrease of
   malaria transmission has had no significant impact on morbidity
   and mortality because of the specific modalities of naturally
   acquired immunity to malaria. In parts of the world where
   malaria is unstable or has been eradicated, global worming
   cannot by itself increase or reintroduce malaria, since other
   factors play a much more important role in the epidemiology and
   control of malaria. However the marked climatic anomalies which
   are observed some years may locally contribute to the
   occurrence of epidemics, as has been observed in limited areas
   of Southern and Central America, Southern Asia and Eastern
   Africa in relation to El Nino Southern Oscillation. (C) 1999
   Elsevier; Paris.
BP 296
EP 300
PG 5
JI Med. Mal. Infect.
PY 1999
PD MAY
VL 29
IS 5
GA 337BP
J9 MED MAL INFEC
UT ISI:000088337800006
ER

PT Journal
AU Manguin, S
   Boussinesq, M
TI Remote sensing in public health: applications to malaria and
   other diseases.
SO MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES
AB Geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases is mostly
   determined by environmental factors that condition both the
   pathogenic agent and its vectors. Based on satellite imagery
   data, some of these factors could be apprehended and
   quantified. A NASA sponsored project using remote sensing
   technology in a predictive model of high, medium and low
   malaria vector populations is described. This study, based on a
   thorough knowledge of vector biology, took into account
   climatic, environmental, and human factors measured by remotely
   sensed data. Analysis of these data integrated into a
   geographic information system (GIS) demonstrated the
   feasibility of elaborating a predictive model of malaria vector
   densities closely associated to malaria risks. Consequently, a
   decrease of malaria transmission and an improved cost-
   effectiveness of vector control were generated on the base of
   spatially and temporally adapted and targeted control
   strategies. Meteorological satellite data for which spatial
   resolution is low but which allows a global earth coverage,
   were able to predict apparition of epidemics and to elaborate
   large scale predictive models of vector and intermediate host
   abundance, including mosquitoes, ticks, tsetse flies, black
   flies, culicoides, and snails. (C) 1999 Elsevier Paris.
BP 318
EP 324
PG 7
JI Med. Mal. Infect.
PY 1999
PD MAY
VL 29
IS 5
GA 337BP
J9 MED MAL INFEC
UT ISI:000088337800011
ER

PT Journal
AU Plebanski, M
   Hill, AVS
TI The immunology of malaria infection
SO CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY
AB As global malaria mortality increases the urgency for Vaccine
   development, analysis of immune responses in naturally exposed
   populations is providing clues to the nature of protective
   immunity. Recently, sophisicated immune evasion strategies
   adopted by the parasite have been analysed at the molecular
   level. More immunogenic vaccination strategies have been
   identified, providing renewed optimism that effective malaria
   control through vaccination should be feasible.
BP 437
EP 441
PG 5
JI Curr. Opin. Immunol.
PY 2000
PD AUG
VL 12
IS 4
GA 330UD
J9 CURR OPIN IMMUNOL
UT ISI:000087978800014
ER

PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
   Engelberg, D
   Last, J
TI The effects of changing weather on public health
SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH
AB Many diseases are influenced by weather conditions or display
   strong seasonality, suggestive of a possible climatic
   contribution. Projections of future climate change have,
   therefore, compelled health scientists to re-examine
   weather/disease relationships There are three projected
   physical consequences of climate change: temperature rise, sea
   level rise, and extremes in the hydrologic cycle. This century,
   the Earth has warmed by about 0.5 degrees centigrade, and the
   mid-range estimates of future temperature change and sea level
   rise are 2.0 degrees centigrade and 49 centimeters,
   respectively, by the year 2100. Extreme weather variability
   associated with climate change may especially add an important
   new stress to developing nations that are already vulnerable as
   a result of environmental degradation, resource depletion,
   overpopulation, or location (e.g. low-lying coastal deltas).
   The regional impacts of climate change will vary widely
   depending on existing population vulnerability. Health outcomes
   of climate change can be grouped into those of: (a) direct
   physical consequences, e.g, heat mortality or drowning; (b)
   physical/chemical sequelae, e.g. atmospheric transport and
   formation of air pollutants; (c) physical/biological
   consequences, e.g. response of vector- and waterborne diseases,
   and food production; and (d) sociodemographic impacts, e.g.
   climate or environmentally induced migration or population
   dislocation. Better understanding of the linkages between
   climate variability as a determinant of disease will be
   important, among other key factors, in constructing predictive
   models to guide public health prevention.
BP 271
EP 307
PG 37
JI Annu. Rev. Public Health
PY 2000
VL 21
GA 329RJ
J9 ANNU REV PUBLIC HEALTH
UT ISI:000087921400014
ER

PT Journal
AU Martens, P
TI Malaria and global warming in perspective?
SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
BP 313
EP 314
PG 2
JI Emerg. Infect. Dis
PY 2000
PD MAY-JUN
VL 6
IS 3
GA 319CB
J9 EMERG INFECT DIS
UT ISI:000087321300015
ER

PT Journal
AU Cowman, AF
   Cooke, BM
TI Molecular approaches to malaria 2000
SO DRUG RESISTANCE UPDATES
AB For more than 20 years now,Australia has been officially free
   of endemic malaria, but this devastating disease once again
   made a major impact on the continent in February 2000 when
   Melbourne hosted Australia's first major international
   conference on 'Molecular Approaches to Malaria' (Lorne,
   Australia, 2-5 February 2000). The global research effort
   toward our increased understanding of the pathogenesis and
   control of malaria in the post-genomics era was discussed and
   debated at length over 4 days packed with science encompassing
   molecular biology, cell biology, clinical studies, genomics,
   vaccines and pathogenic mechanisms. More than 260 researchers
   from 18 countries worldwide participated in this
   interdisciplinary meeting which comprised 57 oral presentations
   and 122 posters. Here we summarize some presentations pertinent
   to the field of drug action and resistance. (C) 2000 Harcourt
   Publishers Ltd.
BP 74
EP 76
PG 3
JI Drug Resist. Update
PY 2000
VL 3
IS 2
GA 320NG
J9 DRUG RESIST UPDATE
UT ISI:000087406800002
ER

PT Journal
AU Baird, JK
TI Resurgent malaria at the millennium - Control strategies in
   crisis
SO DRUGS
AB Completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 marked the beginning of
   an era of vector control that achieved conspicuous success
   against malaria. In 1955 the World Health Organization (WHO)
   adopted the controversial Global Eradication Campaign
   emphasising DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) spraying in
   homes. The incidence of malaria fell sharply where the
   programme was implemented, but the strategy was not applied in
   holoendemic Africa. This, along with the failure to achieve
   eradication in larger tropical regions, contributed to
   disillusionment with the policy. The World Health Assembly
   abandoned the eradication strategy in 1969. A resurgence of
   malaria began at about that time and today reaches into areas
   where eradication or control had been achieved. A global
   malaria crisis looms. In 1993 the WHO adopted a Global Malaria
   Control Strategy that placed priority in control of disease
   rather than infection. This formalises a policy that emphasises
   diagnosis and treatment in a primary healthcare setting, while
   de-emphasising spraying of residual insecticides. The new
   policy explicitly stresses malaria in Africa, but expresses the
   intent to bring control programmes around the world into line
   with the strategy. This review raises the argument that a
   global control strategy conceived to address the extraordinary
   malaria situation in Africa may not be suitable elsewhere. The
   basis of argument lies in the accomplishments of the Global
   Eradication Campaign viewed in an historical and geographical
   context. Resurgent malaria accompanying declining vector
   control activities in Asia and the Americas suggests that the
   abandonment of residual spraying may be premature given the
   tools now at hand. The inadequacy of vector control as the
   primary instrument of malaria control in holoendemic Africa
   does not preclude its utility in Asia and the Americas.
BP 719
EP 743
PG 25
JI Drugs
PY 2000
PD APR
VL 59
IS 4
GA 309LZ
J9 DRUGS
UT ISI:000086770400001
ER

PT Journal
AU McMichael, AJ
   Kovats, RS
TI Climate change and climate variability: Adaptations to reduce
   adverse health impacts
SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT
AB Global climate change is likely to have a range of consequences
   for human health as a result of disturbance or weakening of the
   biosphere's natural or human-managed Life support systems. The
   full range of potential human health impacts of global climate
   change is diverse and would be distributed differentially
   spatially and over time. Changes in the mortality toll of
   heatwaves and changes in the distribution of vector-borne
   infectious diseases may occur early. The public health
   consequences of sea level rise and of regional changes in
   agricultural productivity may not occur (or become apparent)
   for several decades. Vulnerability is a measure of both
   sensitivity to climate change and the ability to adapt in
   anticipation of, or in response to, its impacts. The basic
   modes of adaptation to climate-induced health hazards are
   biological, behavioural and social. Adaptation can be
   undertaken at the individual, community and whole-population
   levels. Adaptive strategies should not introduce new health
   hazards. Enhancement of the acknowledged public health
   infrastructure and intervention programmes is essential to
   reduce vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change.
   In the longer-term, fundamental improvements in the social and
   material conditions of life and in the reduction of
   inequalities within and between populations are required for
   sustained reduction in vulnerability to environmental health
   hazards.
BP 49
EP 64
PG 16
JI Environ. Monit. Assess.
PY 2000
PD MAR
VL 61
IS 1
GA 300UB
J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
UT ISI:000086270100004
ER

PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
TI Climate change and health: New research challenges
SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
BP 52
EP 58
PG 7
JI Ecosyst. Health
PY 2000
PD MAR
VL 6
IS 1
GA 300ZG
J9 ECOSYST HEALTH
UT ISI:000086283200009
ER

PT Journal
AU Mouchet, J
   Manguin, S
TI Global warming and malaria expansion.
SO ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE
AB Since 1985, global warming has become a subject of concern for
   WHO. A meeting in Geneva in 1990 has stressed the risk of a
   malaria increase using mathematical models without field
   confirmed studies. Based on our field experience in East Africa
   and Madagascar, it appears that malaria increase is mainly
   dependent on the following factors: cancellation of vector
   control programs, rainfall abnormally heavy, changes of ground
   occupation and surface water, human exposure due to
   professional activities, and possibly temperature rise but in
   combination with other factors. On the contrary, malaria
   decrease was observed following the occurrence of vector
   control programs based on indoor house spraying using remnant
   effect insecticide, drought such as in Sahel, improvement of
   housing. Malaria is an increasing public health problem
   reinforced by the double resistance of parasites to anti-
   malarial drugs and mosquitoes to some insecticides. However,
   this trend could be inverted in unstable malaria regions, such
   as mountainous areas, by setting up appropriate vector control
   programs which implies a better knowledge of vector
   distribution and ecology.
BP 549
EP 555
PG 7
JI Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.
PY 1999
PD DEC
VL 35
SU S
GA 294CN
J9 ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR
UT ISI:000085892500098
ER

PT Journal
AU Hulme, M
   Mitchell, J
   Ingram, W
   Lowe, J
   Johns, T
   New, M
   Viner, D
TI Climate change scenarios for global impacts studies
SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
AB We describe a set of global climate change scenarios that have
   been used in a series of studies investigating the global
   impacts of climate change on several environmental systems and
   resources - ecosystems, food security, water resources, malaria
   and coastal flooding. These scenarios derive from modelling
   experiments completed by the Hadley Centre over the last four
   years using successive versions of their coupled ocean-
   atmosphere global climate model. The scenarios benefit from
   ensemble simulations (made using HadCM2) and from an un-flux-
   corrected experiment (made using HadCM3), but consider only the
   effects of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The
   effects of associated changes in sulphate aerosol
   concentrations are not considered. The scenarios are presented
   for three future time periods - 30-year means centred on the
   2020s, the 2050s and the 2080s - and are expressed with respect
   to the mean 1961-1990 climate. A global land observed
   climatology at 0.5 degrees latitude/longitude resolution is
   used to describe current climate. Other scenario variables -
   atmospheric CO2 concentrations, global-mean sea-level rise and
   non-climatic assumptions relating to population and economy -
   are also provided. We discuss the limitations of the created
   scenarios and in particular draw attention to sources of
   uncertainty that we have not fully sampled. (C) 1999 Elsevier
   Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BP S3
EP S19
PG 17
JI Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimens.
PY 1999
VL 9
SU S
GA 254HG
J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE
UT ISI:000083605400002
ER

PT Journal
AU Martens, P
   Kovats, RS
   Nijhof, S
   de Vries, P
   Livermore, MTJ
   Bradley, DJ
   Cox, J
   McMichael, AJ
TI Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria
SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
AB Global estimates of the potential impact of climate change on
   malaria transmission were calculated based on future climate
   scenarios produced by the HadCM2 and the more recent HadCM3
   global climate models developed by the UK Hadley Centre. This
   assessment uses an improved version of the MIASMA malaria
   model, which incorporates knowledge about the current
   distributions and characteristics of the main mosquito species
   of malaria. The greatest proportional changes in potential
   transmission are forecast to occur in temperate zones, in areas
   where vectors are present but it is currently too cold for
   transmission. Within the current vector distribution limits,
   only a limited expansion of areas suitable for malaria
   transmission is forecast, such areas include: central Asia,
   North America and northern Europe. On a global level, the
   numbers of additional people at risk of malaria in 2080 due to
   climate change is estimated to be 300 and 150 million for P.
   falciparum and P. vivax types of malaria, respectively, under
   the HadCM3 climate change scenario. Under the HadCM2 ensemble
   projections, estimates of additional people at risk in 2080
   range from 260 to 320 million for P. falciparum and from 100 to
   200 million for P. vivax. Climate change will have an important
   impact on the length of the transmission season in many areas,
   and this has implications for the burden of disease. Possible
   decreases in rainfall indicate some areas that currently
   experience year-round transmission may experience only seasonal
   transmission in the future. Estimates of future populations at
   risk of malaria differ significantly between regions and
   between climate scenarios. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All
   rights reserved.
BP S89
EP S107
PG 19
JI Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimens.
PY 1999
VL 9
SU S
GA 254HG
J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE
UT ISI:000083605400007
ER