PT Journal
AU Kissinger, JC
Milgram, AJ
Fraunholz, MJ
Roos, DS
Brunk, BP
Crabtree, J
Diskin, SJ
Schug, J
Overton, GC
Stoeckert, CJ
Coppel, RL
Huestis, RL
TI PlasmoDB: An integrative database of the Plasmodium falciparum
genome. Tools for accessing and analyzing finished and
unfinished sequence data
SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
AB The Plasmodium falciparum Genome Database (http://
PlasmoDB.org) integrates sequence information, automated
analyses and annotation data emerging from the P.falciparum
genome sequencing consortium. To date, raw sequence coverage
is
available for >90% of the genome, and two chromosomes
have been
finished and annotated. Data in PlasmoDB are organized
by
chromosome (1-14), and can be accessed using a variety
of tools
for graphical and text-based browsing or downloaded in
various
file formats. The GUS (Genomics Unified Schema) implementation
of PlasmoDB provides a multi-species genomic relational
database, incorporating data from human and mouse, as
well as
P.falciparum. The relational schema uses a highly structured
format to accommodate diverse data sets related to genomic
sequence and gene expression. Tools have been designed
to
facilitate complex biological queries, including many
that are
specific to Plasmodium parasites and malaria as a disease.
Additional projects seek to integrate genomic information
with
the rich data sets now becoming available for RNA
transcription, protein expression, metabolic pathways,
genetic
and physical mapping, antigenic and population diversity,
and
phylogenetic relationships with other apicomplexan parasites.
The overall goal of PlasmoDB is to facilitate Internet-
and CD-
ROM-based access to both finished and unfinished sequence
information by the global malaria research community.
BP 66
EP 69
PG 4
JI Nucleic Acids Res.
PY 2001
PD JAN 1
VL 29
IS 1
GA 391MT
J9 NUCL ACID RES
UT ISI:000166360300015
ER
PT Journal
AU Attaran, A
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Panel should be
set up to review malaria control proposals from endemic
countries
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 174
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300053
ER
PT Journal
AU Nabarro, D
Roberfroid, A
Pannenborg, O
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Agencies dispute
Attaran's view of Roll Back Malaria initiative
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 174
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300054
ER
PT Journal
AU Yamey, G
TI Global health agencies' response to malaria - Shooting the
messenger: Reply
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 174
EP 175
PG 2
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2001
PD JAN 20
VL 322
IS 7279
GA 396AZ
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000166615300055
ER
PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
Graczyk, TK
Geller, N
Vittor, AY
TI Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases
SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY
AB Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and
proliferation of malaria and zoonotic parasitic diseases,
including, Leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis,
trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis,
and loiasis. Each environmental change, whether occurring
as a
natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes
the
ecological balance and context within which disease hosts
or
vectors and parasites breed, develop, and transmit disease.
Each species occupies a particular ecological niche and
vector
species sub-populations are distinct behaviourally and
genetically as they adapt to man-made environments. Most
zoonotic parasites display three distinct life cycles:
sylvatic, zoonotic, and anthroponotic. In adapting to
changed
environmental conditions, including reduced non human
population and increased human population, some vectors
display
conversion from a primarily zoophyllic to primarily
anthrophyllic orientation. Deforestation and ensuing changes
in
landuse, human settlement, commercial development, road
construction, water control systems (dams, canals, irrigation
systems, reservoirs), and climate, singly, and in combination
have been accompanied by global increases in morbidity
and
mortality from emergent parasitic disease. The replacement
of
forests with crop farming, ranching, and raising small
animals
can create supportive habitats for parasites and their
host
vectors. When the landuse of deforested areas changes,
the
pattern of human settlement is altered and habitat
fragmentation may provide opportunities for exchange and
transmission of parasites to the heretofore uninfected
humans.
Construction of water control projects can lead to shifts
in
such vector populations as snails and mosquitoes and their
parasites. Construction of roads in previously inaccessible
forested areas can lead to erosion, and stagnant ponds
by
blocking the Row of streams when the water rises during
the
rainy season. The combined effects of environmentally
detrimental changes in local landuse and alterations in
global
climate disrupt the natural ecosystem and can increase
the risk
of transmission of parasitic diseases to the human population.
(C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published
by
Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BP 1395
EP 1405
PG 11
JI Int. J. Parasit.
PY 2000
PD NOV
VL 30
IS 12-13
GA 387WM
J9 INT J PARASITOL
UT ISI:000166144900014
ER
PT Journal
AU Wilson, K
TI Global warming and the spread of disease: the debate heats up
SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
BP 488
EP 488
PG 1
JI Trends Ecol. Evol.
PY 2000
PD DEC
VL 15
IS 12
GA 383AV
J9 TREND ECOL EVOLUT
UT ISI:000165860300007
ER
PT Journal
AU Stephenson, I
Wiselka, M
TI Drug treatment of tropical parasitic infections - Recent
achievements and developments
SO DRUGS
AB Drug development offers potential solutions to a number of
tropical health diseases, although the expense of
pharmaceutical research and lack of return on investment
has
limited the production of new agents. The greatest successes
have been through the development of single dose therapy
and
mass treatment control programmes for a number of diseases.
We
review some of the current treatment regimens for malaria,
intestinal helminth infection, onchocerciasis, filariasis
and
schistosomiasis, and their use in clinical practice.
Geographical spread and emergence of drug resistant parasites
have hindered the control of malaria, the most important
global
parasitic infection. Artemisinin compounds have proved
effective antimalarial agents producing rapid reduction
of
parasite load and can be used in combination treatment
regimens
to combat multidrug resistance. Intestinal helminth infections
are widespread, giving rise to nutritional deficiencies
and
impaired childhood cognitive development. Pregnant women
in
developing countries are at increased risk of morbidity.
Treatment with a single dose benzimidazole such as albendazole
or mebendazole has beneficial effects on morbidity and
rates of
transmission. Diethylcarbamazine has been used in the
treatment
of onchocerciasis and human filariasis. A complicated
escalating dose regimen over several weeks is associated
with
systemic and allergic reactions and may require corticosteroid
cover. Simplified regimens for mass population treatment
with
ivermectin have proved useful and been used in combination
with
single dose albendazole and diethylcarbamazine. The African
Programme for Onchocerciasis Control in West and Central
Africa
has been one of the most successful mass control programmes
virtually eliminating new infections by a combination
of
chemotherapy, education and vector control. Schistosomiasis
is
of increasing importance as a result of the creation of
new
snail habitats by agricultural and economic development.
Praziquantel has become the most widely available and
effective
chemotherapy for schistosomiasis. There have been a number
of
reports of persistent schistosome egg shedding after treatment
posing concerns about the emergence of drug resistance.
Eflornithine has been successfully used in patients with
human
trypanosomiasis failing melarsoprol therapy however expense
and
availability have limited its potential. Mass control
treatment
programmes have targeted schoolchildren, adolescents and
pregnant women. The integration of schistosomiasis,
onchocerciasis, filariasis and helminth control programmes
has
been considered as a cost-effective method of delivering
treatment. It is likely that future control will be based
on
this optimisation and integration of existing regimens,
rather
than the development of new agents.
BP 985
EP 995
PG 11
JI Drugs
PY 2000
PD NOV
VL 60
IS 5
GA 380EQ
J9 DRUGS
UT ISI:000165686700002
ER
PT Journal
AU Riley, EM
TI The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: a new
century of malaria research
SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ
AB The global malaria situation has scarcely improved in the last
100 years, despite major advances in our knowledge of
the basic
biology, epidemiology and clinical basis of the disease.
Effective malaria control, leading to a significant decrease
in
the morbidity and mortality attributable to malaria, will
require a multidisciplinary approach. New tools - drugs,
vaccine and insecticides - are needed but there is also
much to
be gained by better use of existing tools: using drugs
in
combination in order to slow the development of drug
resistance; targeting resources to areas of greatest need;
using geographic information systems to map the populations
at
risk and more sophisticated marketing techniques to distribute
bed nets and insecticides. Sustainable malaria control
may
require the deployment of a highly effective vaccine,
but there
is much that can be done in the meantime to reduce the
burden
of disease.
BP 25
EP 32
PG 8
JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
PY 2000
VL 95
SU 1
GA 377RD
J9 MEM INST OSWALDO CRUZ
UT ISI:000165526400005
ER
PT Journal
AU Attaran, A
Maharaj, R
TI Ethical debate - Doctoring malaria, badly: the global campaign
to ban DDT
SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
BP 1403
EP 1403
PG 1
JI Br. Med. J.
PY 2000
PD DEC 2
VL 321
IS 7273
GA 380TT
J9 BRIT MED J
UT ISI:000165720100035
ER
PT Journal
AU Walker, K
TI Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria
control
SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY
AB In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual
spraying has declined substantially over the past 30 years,
but
this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria
control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative
insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to
DDT in
some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes
(Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective
when used
for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles,
due to
excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990
cost
comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found
DDT to
be considerably less expensive than other insecticides,
which
cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house
per 6
months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage
still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price
quotes
from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate
formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates,
two
organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for
residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes.
Based on
these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show
that
DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost
per
house basis, although the price appears to be rising as
DDT
production declines. At the same time, the prices of
pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more
expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs,
including operations (labour), transportation and human
safety
may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some
pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although
possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern.
However, a global cost comparison may not realistically
reflect
local costs or effective application dosages at the country
level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health
ministries of individual countries showed that prices
of
particular insecticides can vary substantially in the
open
market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide
in any
given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case
basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public
health
insecticides could improve access to affordable products.
BP 345
EP 354
PG 10
JI Med. Vet. Entomol.
PY 2000
PD DEC
VL 14
IS 4
GA 376QT
J9 MED VET ENTOMOL
UT ISI:000165468800001
ER
PT Journal
AU Cooke, BM
TI Molecular approaches to malaria: Seeking the whole picture
SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY
AB This year, Australia hosted its first major international
conference on malaria - Molecular Approaches to Malaria
in
Lorne, Victoria, 2-5 February 2000 (MAM2000). The worldwide
research effort toward a better understanding of the
pathogenesis and control of malaria in the post-genomic
era was
discussed and debated by over 250 researchers from 18
countries
during four days packed with molecular biology, cell biology,
genomics, vaccines and pathogenic mechanisms. This special
malaria edition of Parasitology Today is an attempt to
capture
and summarize the quality and breadth of work presented
at the
conference and place this in the context of the current
global
malaria research effort; eight of the nine Reviews in
this
issue have been written by session chairs or presenters
at
MAM2000.
BP 407
EP 408
PG 2
JI Parasitol. Today
PY 2000
PD OCT
VL 16
IS 10
GA 359YL
J9 PARASITOL TODAY
UT ISI:000089639600001
ER
PT Journal
AU Brown, GV
Beck, HP
Molyneux, M
Marsh, K
TI Molecular approaches to epidemiology and clinical aspects of
malaria
SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY
AB Malaria is a problem of global importance, responsible for 1-2
million deaths per year, mainly in African children, as
well as
considerable morbidity manifested as severe anaemia and
encephalopathy in young children. Fundamental to the
development of new tools for malaria control in humans
is an
increased understanding of key features of malaria infection,
such as the diversity of outcome in different individuals,
the
understanding of different manifestations of the disease
and of
the mechanisms of immunity that allow clinical protection
in
the face of ongoing low-grade infection (concomitant immunity
or premunition). Here, Graham Brown and colleagues review
some
of the ways in which molecular approaches might be used
to
increase our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical
manifestations of malaria, as discussed at the Molecular
Approaches to Malaria conference (MAM2000), Lorne, Australia,
2-5 February 2000.
BP 448
EP 451
PG 6
JI Parasitol. Today
PY 2000
PD OCT
VL 16
IS 10
GA 359YL
J9 PARASITOL TODAY
UT ISI:000089639600011
ER
PT Journal
AU Jonsson, NN
Reid, SWJ
TI Global climate change and vector borne diseases
SO VETERINARY JOURNAL
BP 87
EP 89
PG 3
JI Vet. J.
PY 2000
PD SEP
VL 160
IS 2
GA 357GV
J9 VET J
UT ISI:000089490900003
ER
PT Journal
AU Githeko, AK
Lindsay, SW
Confalonieri, UE
Patz, JA
TI Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis
SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
AB Current evidence suggests that inter-annual and inter-decadal
climate variability have a direct influence on the epidemiology
of vector-borne diseases. This evidence has been assessed
at
the continental level in order to determine the possible
consequences of the expected future climate change. By
2100 it
is estimated that average global temperatures will have
risen
by 1.0-3.5 degrees C, increasing the likelihood of many
vector-
borne diseases in new areas. The greatest effect of climate
change on transmission is likely to be observed at the
extremes
of the range of temperatures at which transmission occurs.
For
many diseases these lie in the range 14-18 degrees C at
the
lower end and about 35-40 degrees C at the upper end.
Malaria
and dengue fever are among the most important vector-borne
diseases in the tropics and subtropics; Lyme disease is
the
most common vector-borne disease in the USA and Europe.
Encephalitis is also becoming a public health concern.
Health
risks due to climatic changes will differ between countries
that have developed health infrastructures and those that
do
not. Human settlement patterns in the different regions
will
influence disease trends. While 70% of the population
in South
America is urbanized, the proportion in sub-Saharan Africa
is
less than 45%. Climatic anomalies associated with the
El Nino-
Southern Oscillation phenomenon and resulting in drought
and
floods are expected to increase in frequency and intensity.
They have been linked to outbreaks of malaria in Africa,
Asia
and South America. Climate change has far-reaching consequences
and touches on all life-support systems. It is therefore
a
factor that should be placed high among those that affect
human
health and survival.
BP 1136
EP 1147
PG 12
JI Bull. World Health Organ.
PY 2000
VL 78
IS 9
GA 353FJ
J9 BULL WHO
UT ISI:000089263900008
ER
PT Journal
AU Hay, SI
Myers, MF
Burke, DS
Vaughn, DW
Endy, T
Ananda, N
Shanks, GD
Snow, RW
Rogers, DJ
TI Etiology of interepidemic periods of mosquito-borne disease
SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA
AB Dengue viruses and malaria protozoa are of increasing global
concern in public health. The diseases caused by these
pathogens often show regular seasonal patterns in incidence
because of the sensitivity of their mosquito vectors to
climate. Between years in endemic areas, however, there
can be
further significant variation in case numbers for which
public
health systems are generally unprepared. There is an acute
need
for reliable predictions of within-year and between-year
epidemic events. The prerequisite for developing any system
of
early warning is a detailed understanding of the factors
involved in epidemic genesis. In this report we discuss
the
potential causes of the interepidemic periods in dengue
hemorrhagic fever in Bangkok and of Plasmodium falciparum
malaria in a highland area of western Kenya. The alternative
causes are distinguished by a retrospective analysis of
two
unique and contemporaneous 33-year time series of
epidemiological and associated meteorological data recorded
at
these two sites. We conclude that intrinsic population
dynamics
offer the most parsimonious explanation for the observed
interepidemic periods of disease in these locations.
BP 9335
EP 9339
PG 5
JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
PY 2000
PD AUG 1
VL 97
IS 16
GA 341UL
J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
UT ISI:000088608000102
ER
PT Journal
AU Reiter, P
TI Malaria and global warming in perspective?
SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
BP 438
EP 439
PG 2
JI Emerg. Infect. Dis
PY 2000
PD JUL-AUG
VL 6
IS 4
GA 342TH
J9 EMERG INFECT DIS
UT ISI:000088660900031
ER
PT Journal
AU Trape, JE
TI Climatic changes and infectious diseases: Malaria and tick-
borne relapsing borreliosis.
SO MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES
AB Malaria and tick-borne borreliosis are two vector-borne
diseases whose epidemiology in Africa has been affected
by
climatic changes observed since the early 1970's. In the
case
of Borrelia crocidurae relapsing fever; the persistence
ofsub-
Saharan drought has been associated with a spread of the
tick
vector Alectorobius sonrai which was previously restricted
to
the Sahara and the Sahel. Now the disease has a high incidence
in the Sudan savanna of West Africa where if was previously
absent. In the case of malaria, drought has significantly
reduced the distribution, abundance, or infection rate
of
anopheline vectors in these areas. However; the decrease
of
malaria transmission has had no significant impact on
morbidity
and mortality because of the specific modalities of naturally
acquired immunity to malaria. In parts of the world where
malaria is unstable or has been eradicated, global worming
cannot by itself increase or reintroduce malaria, since
other
factors play a much more important role in the epidemiology
and
control of malaria. However the marked climatic anomalies
which
are observed some years may locally contribute to the
occurrence of epidemics, as has been observed in limited
areas
of Southern and Central America, Southern Asia and Eastern
Africa in relation to El Nino Southern Oscillation. (C)
1999
Elsevier; Paris.
BP 296
EP 300
PG 5
JI Med. Mal. Infect.
PY 1999
PD MAY
VL 29
IS 5
GA 337BP
J9 MED MAL INFEC
UT ISI:000088337800006
ER
PT Journal
AU Manguin, S
Boussinesq, M
TI Remote sensing in public health: applications to malaria and
other diseases.
SO MEDECINE ET MALADIES INFECTIEUSES
AB Geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases is mostly
determined by environmental factors that condition both
the
pathogenic agent and its vectors. Based on satellite imagery
data, some of these factors could be apprehended and
quantified. A NASA sponsored project using remote sensing
technology in a predictive model of high, medium and low
malaria vector populations is described. This study, based
on a
thorough knowledge of vector biology, took into account
climatic, environmental, and human factors measured by
remotely
sensed data. Analysis of these data integrated into a
geographic information system (GIS) demonstrated the
feasibility of elaborating a predictive model of malaria
vector
densities closely associated to malaria risks. Consequently,
a
decrease of malaria transmission and an improved cost-
effectiveness of vector control were generated on the
base of
spatially and temporally adapted and targeted control
strategies. Meteorological satellite data for which spatial
resolution is low but which allows a global earth coverage,
were able to predict apparition of epidemics and to elaborate
large scale predictive models of vector and intermediate
host
abundance, including mosquitoes, ticks, tsetse flies,
black
flies, culicoides, and snails. (C) 1999 Elsevier Paris.
BP 318
EP 324
PG 7
JI Med. Mal. Infect.
PY 1999
PD MAY
VL 29
IS 5
GA 337BP
J9 MED MAL INFEC
UT ISI:000088337800011
ER
PT Journal
AU Plebanski, M
Hill, AVS
TI The immunology of malaria infection
SO CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY
AB As global malaria mortality increases the urgency for Vaccine
development, analysis of immune responses in naturally
exposed
populations is providing clues to the nature of protective
immunity. Recently, sophisicated immune evasion strategies
adopted by the parasite have been analysed at the molecular
level. More immunogenic vaccination strategies have been
identified, providing renewed optimism that effective
malaria
control through vaccination should be feasible.
BP 437
EP 441
PG 5
JI Curr. Opin. Immunol.
PY 2000
PD AUG
VL 12
IS 4
GA 330UD
J9 CURR OPIN IMMUNOL
UT ISI:000087978800014
ER
PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
Engelberg, D
Last, J
TI The effects of changing weather on public health
SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH
AB Many diseases are influenced by weather conditions or display
strong seasonality, suggestive of a possible climatic
contribution. Projections of future climate change have,
therefore, compelled health scientists to re-examine
weather/disease relationships There are three projected
physical consequences of climate change: temperature rise,
sea
level rise, and extremes in the hydrologic cycle. This
century,
the Earth has warmed by about 0.5 degrees centigrade,
and the
mid-range estimates of future temperature change and sea
level
rise are 2.0 degrees centigrade and 49 centimeters,
respectively, by the year 2100. Extreme weather variability
associated with climate change may especially add an important
new stress to developing nations that are already vulnerable
as
a result of environmental degradation, resource depletion,
overpopulation, or location (e.g. low-lying coastal deltas).
The regional impacts of climate change will vary widely
depending on existing population vulnerability. Health
outcomes
of climate change can be grouped into those of: (a) direct
physical consequences, e.g, heat mortality or drowning;
(b)
physical/chemical sequelae, e.g. atmospheric transport
and
formation of air pollutants; (c) physical/biological
consequences, e.g. response of vector- and waterborne
diseases,
and food production; and (d) sociodemographic impacts,
e.g.
climate or environmentally induced migration or population
dislocation. Better understanding of the linkages between
climate variability as a determinant of disease will be
important, among other key factors, in constructing predictive
models to guide public health prevention.
BP 271
EP 307
PG 37
JI Annu. Rev. Public Health
PY 2000
VL 21
GA 329RJ
J9 ANNU REV PUBLIC HEALTH
UT ISI:000087921400014
ER
PT Journal
AU Martens, P
TI Malaria and global warming in perspective?
SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
BP 313
EP 314
PG 2
JI Emerg. Infect. Dis
PY 2000
PD MAY-JUN
VL 6
IS 3
GA 319CB
J9 EMERG INFECT DIS
UT ISI:000087321300015
ER
PT Journal
AU Cowman, AF
Cooke, BM
TI Molecular approaches to malaria 2000
SO DRUG RESISTANCE UPDATES
AB For more than 20 years now,Australia has been officially free
of endemic malaria, but this devastating disease once
again
made a major impact on the continent in February 2000
when
Melbourne hosted Australia's first major international
conference on 'Molecular Approaches to Malaria' (Lorne,
Australia, 2-5 February 2000). The global research effort
toward our increased understanding of the pathogenesis
and
control of malaria in the post-genomics era was discussed
and
debated at length over 4 days packed with science encompassing
molecular biology, cell biology, clinical studies, genomics,
vaccines and pathogenic mechanisms. More than 260 researchers
from 18 countries worldwide participated in this
interdisciplinary meeting which comprised 57 oral presentations
and 122 posters. Here we summarize some presentations
pertinent
to the field of drug action and resistance. (C) 2000 Harcourt
Publishers Ltd.
BP 74
EP 76
PG 3
JI Drug Resist. Update
PY 2000
VL 3
IS 2
GA 320NG
J9 DRUG RESIST UPDATE
UT ISI:000087406800002
ER
PT Journal
AU Baird, JK
TI Resurgent malaria at the millennium - Control strategies in
crisis
SO DRUGS
AB Completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 marked the beginning of
an era of vector control that achieved conspicuous success
against malaria. In 1955 the World Health Organization
(WHO)
adopted the controversial Global Eradication Campaign
emphasising DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) spraying
in
homes. The incidence of malaria fell sharply where the
programme was implemented, but the strategy was not applied
in
holoendemic Africa. This, along with the failure to achieve
eradication in larger tropical regions, contributed to
disillusionment with the policy. The World Health Assembly
abandoned the eradication strategy in 1969. A resurgence
of
malaria began at about that time and today reaches into
areas
where eradication or control had been achieved. A global
malaria crisis looms. In 1993 the WHO adopted a Global
Malaria
Control Strategy that placed priority in control of disease
rather than infection. This formalises a policy that emphasises
diagnosis and treatment in a primary healthcare setting,
while
de-emphasising spraying of residual insecticides. The
new
policy explicitly stresses malaria in Africa, but expresses
the
intent to bring control programmes around the world into
line
with the strategy. This review raises the argument that
a
global control strategy conceived to address the extraordinary
malaria situation in Africa may not be suitable elsewhere.
The
basis of argument lies in the accomplishments of the Global
Eradication Campaign viewed in an historical and geographical
context. Resurgent malaria accompanying declining vector
control activities in Asia and the Americas suggests that
the
abandonment of residual spraying may be premature given
the
tools now at hand. The inadequacy of vector control as
the
primary instrument of malaria control in holoendemic Africa
does not preclude its utility in Asia and the Americas.
BP 719
EP 743
PG 25
JI Drugs
PY 2000
PD APR
VL 59
IS 4
GA 309LZ
J9 DRUGS
UT ISI:000086770400001
ER
PT Journal
AU McMichael, AJ
Kovats, RS
TI Climate change and climate variability: Adaptations to reduce
adverse health impacts
SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT
AB Global climate change is likely to have a range of consequences
for human health as a result of disturbance or weakening
of the
biosphere's natural or human-managed Life support systems.
The
full range of potential human health impacts of global
climate
change is diverse and would be distributed differentially
spatially and over time. Changes in the mortality toll
of
heatwaves and changes in the distribution of vector-borne
infectious diseases may occur early. The public health
consequences of sea level rise and of regional changes
in
agricultural productivity may not occur (or become apparent)
for several decades. Vulnerability is a measure of both
sensitivity to climate change and the ability to adapt
in
anticipation of, or in response to, its impacts. The basic
modes of adaptation to climate-induced health hazards
are
biological, behavioural and social. Adaptation can be
undertaken at the individual, community and whole-population
levels. Adaptive strategies should not introduce new health
hazards. Enhancement of the acknowledged public health
infrastructure and intervention programmes is essential
to
reduce vulnerability to the health impacts of climate
change.
In the longer-term, fundamental improvements in the social
and
material conditions of life and in the reduction of
inequalities within and between populations are required
for
sustained reduction in vulnerability to environmental
health
hazards.
BP 49
EP 64
PG 16
JI Environ. Monit. Assess.
PY 2000
PD MAR
VL 61
IS 1
GA 300UB
J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
UT ISI:000086270100004
ER
PT Journal
AU Patz, JA
TI Climate change and health: New research challenges
SO ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
BP 52
EP 58
PG 7
JI Ecosyst. Health
PY 2000
PD MAR
VL 6
IS 1
GA 300ZG
J9 ECOSYST HEALTH
UT ISI:000086283200009
ER
PT Journal
AU Mouchet, J
Manguin, S
TI Global warming and malaria expansion.
SO ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE
AB Since 1985, global warming has become a subject of concern for
WHO. A meeting in Geneva in 1990 has stressed the risk
of a
malaria increase using mathematical models without field
confirmed studies. Based on our field experience in East
Africa
and Madagascar, it appears that malaria increase is mainly
dependent on the following factors: cancellation of vector
control programs, rainfall abnormally heavy, changes of
ground
occupation and surface water, human exposure due to
professional activities, and possibly temperature rise
but in
combination with other factors. On the contrary, malaria
decrease was observed following the occurrence of vector
control programs based on indoor house spraying using
remnant
effect insecticide, drought such as in Sahel, improvement
of
housing. Malaria is an increasing public health problem
reinforced by the double resistance of parasites to anti-
malarial drugs and mosquitoes to some insecticides. However,
this trend could be inverted in unstable malaria regions,
such
as mountainous areas, by setting up appropriate vector
control
programs which implies a better knowledge of vector
distribution and ecology.
BP 549
EP 555
PG 7
JI Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.
PY 1999
PD DEC
VL 35
SU S
GA 294CN
J9 ANN SOC ENTOMOL FR
UT ISI:000085892500098
ER
PT Journal
AU Hulme, M
Mitchell, J
Ingram, W
Lowe, J
Johns, T
New, M
Viner, D
TI Climate change scenarios for global impacts studies
SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
AB We describe a set of global climate change scenarios that have
been used in a series of studies investigating the global
impacts of climate change on several environmental systems
and
resources - ecosystems, food security, water resources,
malaria
and coastal flooding. These scenarios derive from modelling
experiments completed by the Hadley Centre over the last
four
years using successive versions of their coupled ocean-
atmosphere global climate model. The scenarios benefit
from
ensemble simulations (made using HadCM2) and from an un-flux-
corrected experiment (made using HadCM3), but consider
only the
effects of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The
effects of associated changes in sulphate aerosol
concentrations are not considered. The scenarios are presented
for three future time periods - 30-year means centred
on the
2020s, the 2050s and the 2080s - and are expressed with
respect
to the mean 1961-1990 climate. A global land observed
climatology at 0.5 degrees latitude/longitude resolution
is
used to describe current climate. Other scenario variables
-
atmospheric CO2 concentrations, global-mean sea-level
rise and
non-climatic assumptions relating to population and economy
-
are also provided. We discuss the limitations of the created
scenarios and in particular draw attention to sources
of
uncertainty that we have not fully sampled. (C) 1999 Elsevier
Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
BP S3
EP S19
PG 17
JI Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimens.
PY 1999
VL 9
SU S
GA 254HG
J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE
UT ISI:000083605400002
ER
PT Journal
AU Martens, P
Kovats, RS
Nijhof, S
de Vries, P
Livermore, MTJ
Bradley, DJ
Cox, J
McMichael, AJ
TI Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria
SO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
AB Global estimates of the potential impact of climate change on
malaria transmission were calculated based on future climate
scenarios produced by the HadCM2 and the more recent HadCM3
global climate models developed by the UK Hadley Centre.
This
assessment uses an improved version of the MIASMA malaria
model, which incorporates knowledge about the current
distributions and characteristics of the main mosquito
species
of malaria. The greatest proportional changes in potential
transmission are forecast to occur in temperate zones,
in areas
where vectors are present but it is currently too cold
for
transmission. Within the current vector distribution limits,
only a limited expansion of areas suitable for malaria
transmission is forecast, such areas include: central
Asia,
North America and northern Europe. On a global level,
the
numbers of additional people at risk of malaria in 2080
due to
climate change is estimated to be 300 and 150 million
for P.
falciparum and P. vivax types of malaria, respectively,
under
the HadCM3 climate change scenario. Under the HadCM2 ensemble
projections, estimates of additional people at risk in
2080
range from 260 to 320 million for P. falciparum and from
100 to
200 million for P. vivax. Climate change will have an
important
impact on the length of the transmission season in many
areas,
and this has implications for the burden of disease. Possible
decreases in rainfall indicate some areas that currently
experience year-round transmission may experience only
seasonal
transmission in the future. Estimates of future populations
at
risk of malaria differ significantly between regions and
between climate scenarios. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.
All
rights reserved.
BP S89
EP S107
PG 19
JI Glob. Environ. Change-Human Policy Dimens.
PY 1999
VL 9
SU S
GA 254HG
J9 GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANGE
UT ISI:000083605400007
ER