http://www.wlu.edu/~hblackme/biology/url.html
and they're the unique identifiers for WWW documents.
You can use them to connect directly to sites. Click on the Open button at the top of the Netscape screen and type the whole URL into the space provided, with no spaces and being sure to copy the URL exactly. Case matters.
You can also use URLs with the non-graphic lynx browser: at the Liberty $, type
lynx http://.....
(replacing the ..... with the rest of the URL)
You'll sometimes see URLs that start with telnet:// or ftp://. They just invoke different protocols.