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ARCHAEA OR ARCHAEBACTERIA
Your search request has found 244 STORIES through Level 1.
LEVEL 1 - 244 STORIES
1. The Washington Post, September 23, 1996, Monday, Final Edition, A SECTION; Pg. A03; SCIENCE: BIOLOGY, 1457 words, Imminent Domain: Microbe May Redefine
Life's Paradigm, Curt Suplee, Washington Post Staff Writer
2. Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1996 Tuesday, NORTH SPORTS FINAL EDITION,
KIDNEWS; Pg. 3; ZONE: C; tough news., 306 words, ISN'T IT IRONIC?; HE SAYS
SCIENCE IS HISTORY
3. The Tampa Tribune, September 16, 1996, Monday, FINAL EDITION, Pg. 4, 902
words, Life branches out; The discovery of a unique microbe living near volcanic vents on the ocean floor has radically changed the way biologists categorize
life on Earth., KURT LOFT; of The Tampa Tribune, TAMPA
4. The Commercial Appeal (Memphis), September 15, 1996, Sunday, Final Edition, Pg. 3B, 920 words, Discovering aliens from inner space, Jessica Mathews Jessica Mathews is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. She wrote this for The Wash
ington Post.
5. The Christian Science Monitor, September 12, 1996, Thursday, UNITED STATES; Pg. 4, 998 words, Scientists Plot Course to Find a Real E. T., Daniel Sneider,
Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIF.1
LEVEL 1 - 1 OF 244 STORIES
Copyright 1996 The Washington Post
The Washington Post
September 23, 1996, Monday, Final Edition
SECTION: A SECTION; Pg. A03; SCIENCE: BIOLOGY
LENGTH: 1457 words
HEADLINE: Imminent Domain: Microbe May Redefine Life's Paradigm
BYLINE: Curt Suplee, Washington Post Staff Writer
BODY:
It's hard to imagine anything that could rattle biologists more than the
recent reports of possible ancient life in a Martian meteorite. But last month
researchers did so with a shocking discovery that could rewrite the textbooks:
They had identified the complete genetic code of an oddball sea-floor microbe
and found that most of it had never been seen in nature.
"The majority of the genes" in Methanococcus jannaschii, said J. Craig
Venter, director of The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) in Rockville,
"aren't things we've ever encountered before in biology." The work, he said,
"represents the scientific equivalent of opening a new porthole on Earth and
discovering a wholly new view of the universe."
The finding, reported in the Aug. 23 issue of Science by TIGR investigators
and colleagues elsewhere, also has thrown many biologists into a taxonomic
swivet because it challenges a long-standing dogma of classification.
For years, scientists have divided the stupendous plenitude of living things into two comfortably fundamental domains: prokaryotes (organisms such as
bacteria that have no nuclei in their cells); and eukaryotes -- those in which
each cell contains a true, membrane-covered nucleus to hold its genetic
instruction set. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae and basically any other life form whose cells have nuclei.
That duality has stood for decades as the single most profound distinction in evolutionary biology. But there was a nagging problem with the prokaryotes. The classification included not only the familiar forms of bacteria, but also what
was thought to be a catch-all group called archaebacteria or archaea (the
group to which M. jannaschii belongs), many of which were so outright weird that they defied conventional descriptive criteria.
Archaea got their name because they can live in the kind of forbidding
environment that existed on Earth some 3 billion years ago, long before there
was oxygen in the air. Some prefer hideously caustic neighborhoods with a pH of 1 or 2, about the same as concentrated sulfuric acid; others thrive in boiling
water or on corrosive salt flats. They're found in the scalding mud pots of
Yellowstone Park, in the Dead Sea and in the rumbling stomachs of cows.
As a group, they're also strange in other ways. Their cell walls lack a
protein-sugar combo common in bacteria. Many feed on carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide, exuding methane or sulfur as byproducts. The photosynthetic types don't use chlorophyll, and perform a kind of photosynthesis completely distinct from
all other bacteria.
And now it appears that archaea have genomes so radically different from
bacteria that they constitute an entirely separate domain of life. University of Illinois evolutionist Carl Woese, who has argued that case for 20 years and
whose lab cultured M. jannaschii for genetic sequencing, said that now "very
simplistically, the picture sort of looks like this: The universal ancestor gave rise to two primary lines of descent -- one [comprising all] bacteria and one
common to archaea and eukaryotes. Within a half a billion years, that split
into two lines."
Whether or not that geneaology is borne out by further research, many
influential scientists believe the new findings firmly establish archaea as a third major domain. "The paradigm is a-changing," said biologist Norman Pace of the University of California at Berkeley, and it's time for textbooks to be
rewritten. It's also time, Pace believes, to acknowledge that "most of the
genetic diversity on Earth is microbial." The 5,000 to 6,000 formally identified bacteria are a trivial fraction of what exists: "There's a whole new world out
there and we know so little."
M. jannaschii didn't exactly force itself into public attention. It
flourishes two miles deep in the Pacific Ocean at pressures at least 200 times
those at sea level, nearly two tons per square inch. It was discovered in 1982
above a hydrothermal vent chimney in water temperatures around 185 degrees
Fahrenheit, making a modest living by converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen
into a simple hydrocarbon called methane -- the principal component of natural
gas. The Energy Department is interested in such creatures (whose genes might
show chemists how to create high-temperature industrial catalysts for low-cost
fuels, among other things), and funded TIGR and the University of Illinois to
produce a complete map of the microbe's genome.
It is one of only four organisms for which full gene sequences have been
completed. TIGR had already published maps of two bacteria, and another group
recently finished the first eukaryote, a yeast. But M. jannaschii was the first archaeon sequenced, and the results astonished the researchers. Fully 56 percent of its 1,738 genes are utterly unlike anything known in eukaryotes or
prokaryotes.
Of the 44 percent with counterparts in other organisms, "some of the best
matches," Venter said, "were to human genes and yeast genes." Most of those
involve information processing. Its gene-replication procedures have nothing in common with bacteria. In terms of metabolism, however, M. jannaschii more
closely resembles bacteria -- suggesting that metabolic processes were fairly
similar in the two groups' common ancestor.
As for the rest, each gene without a known counterpart presumably represents a protein new to science with unknown functions. Woese regards the new genes as "a sort of shopping catalogue for biochemists" who can begin to determine the
structure and utility of the proteins. At the same time, sequencing of at least three other archaea is underway around the nation. Next up at TIGR -- which
uses an unconventional method of computer-matching the end sequences of putative genes to determine their place in the genome -- is another marine species famous for fouling oil drilling rigs.
Woese predicts that the known forms are likely to expand as interest grows.
"There are a whole slew of archaea that have been identified as being out
there," Woese said, including one that is ubiquitous in the world's seas. He
also estimates that "between one-quarter and one-half of [the newly discovered
genes] are going to be found to be universal among archaea" and such evidence will "define it as a group and distinguish it from the other two groups."
If so, it will constitute ultimate vindication for the man who has been
pondering the evolutionary status of archaea since the 1960s. "At that time," Woese said, "everyone believed that the universal ancestor of life had given
rise to two lines of descent" -- prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
"This belief was essentially catechism," Woese said. Yet the more he and
others learned about the biochemistry of these strange organisms (and especially the genetic material called RNA in the cells' ribosomes -- tiny assembly plants for proteins), the less he felt they were a sub-group of bacteria. In 1977, he
and colleagues published a paper arguing that archaea were sufficiently
distinctive to require a special category of their own. "It was met with extreme skepticism," Woese recalled last week, "if not outright derision."
Ironically, disclosure of M. jannaschii's home-grown genetic enigmas may
prompt even more interest in extraterrestrial life, including the presumptive
microfossils NASA scientists uncovered in a meteorite from Mars that struck
Earth thousands of years ago. "Our understanding of this organism significantly increases the likelihood that life exists on other planets," Venter said. "We
know from this genomic sequence that life has other parameters and may exist in ways that will revolutionize our thinking."
The new findings support the recent theory that life is divided into three
great domains. The traditional view divided living things into two groups:
eukaryotes; and prokaryotes, which included both bacteria and archaea.
EUKARYOTES: Fungi, Animals, Plants, Protozoa and Algae
(PROKARYOTES) BACTERIA: Coccus, Spirillum, Bacillus
ARCHAEA: Heat and acid lovers, Methane producers, Salt lovers
The cell body of M. jannaschii -- named for Holger Jannasch, leader of the
1982 expedition that discovered it -- is about 1 micron (millionth of a meter)
long. Prokaryotes are typically 1 to 10 microns. Eurakyotes are about 10 times
larger. Two bundles of whip-like flagella extend to the left.
The research submarine Alvin was used to capture the microbe in the vicinity of a hydrothermal vent chimney -- a cylindrical mineral formation on the sea
floor through which hot subterranean fluids squirt into the ocean.
M. jannaschii was found two miles below the surface off the west coast of
Mexico at 21 degrees North latitude.
6. The Detroit News, September 12, 1996, Thursday, Metro; Pg. Pg. E1, 296
words, Michigan's natural gas fields: Blame it on underground bacteria, By Karl Leif Bates / The Detroit News
7. The Washington Post, September 12, 1996, Thursday, Final Edition, OP-ED;
Pg. A26; LETTERS TO THE EDITOR, 233 words, Parity in Science Coverage
8. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, September 11, 1996, Wednesday, 70 words,
THRIVING IN HOT WATER
9. The San Francisco Chronicle, SEPTEMBER 10, 1996, TUESDAY, FINAL EDITION,NEWS; Pg. A9, 918 words, Mapping the Search for Life Beyond Earth Scientists gather in Mountain View, plan exploration, David Perlman, Chronicle Science
Editor
10. Coal & Synfuels Technology, September 9, 1996, No. 35, Vol. 17; ISSN:
0883-9735, 3182 words, Fluidized bed combustion report new from NTIS, 3350095
11. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 9, 1996 Monday, Final, Pg. 10, 519
words, Scientists study tiny life form in Lake Michigan sediment, MARK WARD
12. New Technology Week, September 9, 1996, No. 36, Vol. 10; ISSN: 0894-0789, 232 words, LAB WATCH: Genetic Data Help To Manufacturers?, 3336838
13. The Denver Post, September 8, 1996 Sunday, 2D EDITION, Pg. F-01, 813 words We have aliens among us, Jessica Mathews
14. International Herald Tribune, September 05, 1996, OPINION, 1187 words, New Form of Life, but Look How Much We Still Don't Know, Jessica Mathews, WASHINGTON
15. The Plain Dealer, September 5, 1996 Thursday, FINAL / ALL, EDITORIALS &
FORUM; Pg. 11B, 878 words, BIGGER NEWS THAN LIFE ON MARS
16. TULSA WORLD, September 5, 1996 Thursday, FINAL HOME EDITION, Pg. A15;, 915 words, The Earth-Aliens Among Us, Jessica Mathews
17. Federal News Service, SEPTEMBER 4, 1996, WEDNESDAY, IN THE NEWS, 4002 words, PREPARED STATEMENT OF CHARLES B. CURTIS DEPUTY SECRETARY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY BEFORE THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
18. Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony, September 4,
1996, Wednesday, CAPITOL HILL HEARING TESTIMONY, 6755 words, TESTIMONY September 04, 1996 CHARLES B. CURTIS DEPUTY SECRETARY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
19. Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1996, Tuesday, Home Edition, Page 6 , 493 words, A TRINITY IN THE TREE OF LIFE; TINY CREATURE REPRESENTS A "THIRD BRANCH," DNA FINDINGS SUGGEST
20. The Washington Post, September 03, 1996, Tuesday, Final Edition, OP-ED;
Pg. A15, 895 words, The Aliens Among Us, Jessica Mathews
21. Biotechnology Newswatch, September 2, 1996, Pg. 1, 955 words, TIGR
unravels DNA of microbe from the Deep, By Mara Bovsun
22. THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS, September 2, 1996, Monday, HOME FINAL EDITION, DISCOVERIES; Pg. 6D, 1835 words, BRANCHING OUT; Biologists finding surprising diversity in 3rd type of life, Katy Human, Staff Writer of The Dallas Morning
News
23. Navy News & Undersea Technology, September 2, 1996, No. 34, Vol. 13; ISSN: 8756-1700, 523 words, ALVIN dives to find new life, 3341425
24. Newsweek, September 2, 1996 , UNITED STATES EDITION, NEWS OF THE WEEK; Science; Pg. 54, 244 words, More Than Just a Blob
25. Applied Genetics News, September 1, 1996, VOL. 17; No. 2, 396 words,
Genome of Primitive Organism Sequenced, IAC 06162311
26. Solid Waste Report, August 29, 1996, No. 25, Vol. 27; ISSN: 0038-1128, 209 words, SLANTS & TRENDS - THAT'S ONE HUNGRY MICROBE, 3342134
27. Air/Water Pollution Report's Environment Week, August 26, 1996, No. 34,
Vol. 34; ISSN: 1082-8575, 209 words, SLANTS & TRENDS: MAGIC MICROBE?, 3344559
28. Air/Water Pollution Report's Environment Week, August 26, 1996, No. 34,
Vol. 34; ISSN: 1082-8575, 221 words, SLANTS & TRENDS, 3346080
29. Copyright 1996 Times Newspapers Limited The Times, August 26, 1996, Monday Features, 570 words, Germs that time forgot, Nigel Hawkes
30. The Detroit News, August 26, 1996, Monday, Discovery; Pg. Pg. E1, 620
words, Findings
31. Inside Energy/with Federal Lands, August 26, 1996, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY;
Pg. 3, 510 words, DOE: NEW STUDY OF MICROORGANISM MAKES CASE FOR GOVERNMENT R&D ROLE
To cut down the oversupply I tried a modification of the original search:
AND PUBLICATION(SCIENCE) Your search request has found 76 STORIES through Level 2 1. The Christian Science Monitor, September 12, 1996, Thursday, UNITED STATES; Pg. 4, 998 words, Scientists Plot Course to Find a Real E. T., Daniel Sneider, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIF. 2. Science News, August 24, 1996, Vol. 150 ; No. 8 ; Pg. 116; ISSN: 0036-8423, 864 words, Third branch of life bares its genes; Archaea, Travis, John, IAC 18639619 3. The Christian Science Monitor, August 23, 1996, Friday, UNITED STATES; Pg. 1, 851 words, Microscopic Life Unlike Any Other, Peter N. Spotts, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, BOSTON 4. Science, March 29, 1996, Vol. 271 ; No. 5257 ; Pg. 1858; ISSN: 0036-8075, 3459 words, Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes by mutants of the rev cofactor elF-5A., Bevec, Dorian ; Jaksche, Herbert ; Oft, Martin ; Wohl, Thorsten ; Himmelspach, Michele ; Pacher, Alexandra ; Schebesta, Michael ; Koettnitz, Karl ; Dobrovnik, Marika ; Csonga, Robert ; Lottspeich, Friedrich ; Hauber, Joachim, IAC 18184295 5. Science, January 26, 1996, Vol. 271 ; No. 5248 ; Pg. 448; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1082 words, Proteins 'clock' the origins of all creatures - great and small; molecular clock developed; Research News, Morell, Virginia, IAC 17951341 6. Science, January 26, 1996, Vol. 271 ; No. 5248 ; Pg. 470; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6677 words, Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock., Doolittle, Russell F. ; Feng, Da-Fei ; Tsang, Simon ; Cho, Glen ; Little, Elizabeth, IAC 17951365 7. Science, October 13, 1995, Vol. 270 ; No. 5234 ; Pg. 226; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1045 words, Yellowstone managers stake a claim on hot-springs microbes.Yellowstone National Park, Milstein, Michael, IAC 17446830 8. Science, October 6, 1995, Vol. 270 ; No. 5233 ; Pg. 59; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6983 words, Sulfite reductase structure at 1.6 A: evolution and catalysis for reduction of inorganic anions., Crane, Brian R. ; Getzoff, Elizabeth D., IAC 17473904 9. Science, June 30, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5219 ; Pg. 1866; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5607 words, Crystal structure of DNA photolyase from Escherichia coli., Park, Hee-Won ; Kim, Sang-Tae ; Sancar, Aziz ; Deisenhofer, Johann, IAC 17253788 10. Science, June 2, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5215 ; Pg. 1366; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5059 words, Introns and the origin of protein-coding genes.Technical Comments; includes response, Senapathy, Periannan ; Bertolaet, Bonnie L. ; Seidel, H. Martin ; Knowles, Jeremy R. ; Stoltzfus, Arlin ; Spencer, David F. ; Zuker, Michael ; Logsdon, John M., Jr. ; Doolittle, W. Ford, IAC 17083792 11. Science, May 26, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5214 ; Pg. 1206; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1327 words, Early Life on Earth._book reviews, Sepkoski, J. John, Jr., IAC 17029954 12. Science News, May 20, 1995, Vol. 147 ; No. 20 ; Pg. 308; ISSN: 0036-8423, 620 words, Ancient bacteria brought back to life.microbiologists Raul J. Cano and Monica K. Borucki at California Polytechnic State University in San Juan Luis Obispo, CA, Monastersky, R., IAC 17128688 13. Science, May 19, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5213 ; Pg. 1056; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4016 words, Ribosomal RNA precursor processing by a eukaryotic U3 small nucleolar RNA-like molecule in an archaeon., Potter, Simon ; Durovic, Peter ; Dennis, Patrick P., IAC 16957371 14. Science, April 28, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5210 ; Pg. 522; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1851 words, Functions of the proteasome: the lysis at the end of the tunnel.Cover Story, Goldberg, Alfred L., IAC 17355608 15. Science, March 31, 1995, Vol. 267 ; No. 5206 ; Pg. 1958; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5580 words, Architecture of class-defining and specific domains of synthetase., Nureki, Osami ; Vassylyev, Dmitry ; Katayanagi, Katsuo ; Shimizu, Toshiyuki ; Sekine, Shun-ichi ; Kigawa, Takanori ; Miyazawa, Tatsuo ; Yokoyama, Shigeyuki ; Marikawa, Kosuke, IAC 16886568 16. Science, March 10, 1995, Vol. 267 ; No. 5203 ; Pg. 1463; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6283 words, Structure of a hyperthermophilic tungstopterin enzyme, aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase., Chan, Michael K. ; Mukund, Swarnalatha ; Kletzin, Arnulf ; Adams, Michael W.W. ; Rees, Douglas C., IAC 16821984 17. Science, March 3, 1995, Vol. 267 ; No. 5202 ; Pg. 1344; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2397 words, Structural features that stabilize halophilic malate dehydrogenase from an archaebacterium., Dym, O. ; Mevarech, M. ; Sussman, J.L., IAC 16845034 18. BioScience, February, 1995, Vol. 45 ; No. 2 ; Pg. 77; ISSN: 0006-3568, 858 words, Unraveling more codes; genetic codes of microorganisms, Gillis, Anna Maria, IAC 16639740 19. Science, October 14, 1994, Vol. 266 ; No. 5183 ; Pg. 309; ISSN: 0036-8075, 716 words, Tracing the History of Eukaryotic Cells: The Enigmatic Smile._book reviews, Birky, C. William, Jr., IAC 15855411 20. BioScience, October, 1994, Vol. 44 ; No. 9 ; Pg. 584; ISSN: 0006-3568, 2472 words, A pressure-filled life: how do microorganisms cope when they live at extremes?, Gillis, Anna Maria, IAC 16166763 21. Science, August 12, 1994, Vol. 265 ; No. 5174 ; Pg. 954; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1848 words, Ribosomal heterogeneity from chromatin diminution in Ascaris lumbricoides., Etter, A. ; Bernard, V. ; Kenzelmann, M. ; Tobler, H. ; Muller, F., IAC 15769758 22. Science, July 29, 1994, Vol. 265 ; No. 5172 ; Pg. 615; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6212 words, Conserved structures and diversity of functions of RNA-binding proteins., Burd, Christopher G. ; Dreyfuss, Gideon, IAC 16220414 23. Science News, July 23, 1994, Vol. 146 ; No. 4 ; Pg. 58; ISSN: 0036-8423, 1668 words, From proteins to protolife: was life's emergence random or guided by determined chemical steps., Lipkin, Richard, IAC 15657614 24. Science, July 8, 1994, Vol. 265 ; No. 5169 ; Pg. 202; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5476 words, Testing the exon theory of genes: the evidence from protein structure., Stoltzfus, Arlin ; Spencer, David F. ; Zuker, Michael ; Logsdon, John M. ; Doolittle, W. Ford, IAC 15614480 25. BioScience, June, 1994, Vol. 44 ; No. 6 ; Pg. 389; ISSN: 0006-3568, 2108 words, A new place for fungi?, Lewis, Ricki, IAC 15536171 26. Science, May 27, 1994, Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1251; ISSN: 0036-8075, 838 words, Archaea and eukaryotes grow closer; types of life share same ancestral lineage, Barinaga, Marcia, IAC 15458240 27. Science, May 27, 1994, Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1326; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2336 words, The TATA-binding protein: a general transcription factor in eukaryotes and archaebacteria., Rowlands, Tracey ; Baumann, Peter ; Jackson, Stephen P., IAC 15458296 28. Science, May 6, 1994, Vol. 264 ; No. 5160 ; Pg. 778; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2078 words, Microbial mining boosts the environment, bottom line., Moffat, Anne Simon IAC 15262313 29. Science, February 11, 1994, Vol. 263 ; No. 5148 ; Pg. 758; ISSN: 0036-8075 1075 words, Will molecular data set the stage for synthesis? molecular biology applied to evolutionary theory, Cohen, Jon, IAC 14873414 30. BioScience, June, 1993, Vol. 43 ; No. 6 ; Pg. 390; ISSN: 0006-3568, 3464 words, Did surface temperatures constrain microbial evolution?, Schwartzman, David ; McMenamin, Mark ; Volk, Tyler, IAC 14154010 31. Science, May 7, 1993, Vol. 260 ; No. 5109 ; Pg. 778; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4236 words, Structure-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of nucleic acids by eubacterial DNA polymerases., Lyamichev, Victor ; Brow, Mary Ann D. ; Dahlberg, James E., IAC 14119414 32. Science, March 19, 1993, Vol. 259 ; No. 5102 ; Pg. 1711; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4872 words, Ancient conserved regions in new gene sequences and the protein databases., Green, Philip ; Lipman, David ; Hillier, LaDeana ; Waterston, Robert ; States, David ; Claverie, Jean-Michel, IAC 13572158 33. BioScience, March, 1993, Vol. 43 ; No. 3 ; Pg. 182; ISSN: 0006-3568, 1484 words, The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Identification, Applications._book reviews, Devereux, Richard, IAC 15266408 34. Science, December 11, 1992, Vol. 258 ; No. 5089 ; Pg. 1756; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1724 words, Bacterial sulfate reduction above 100 degrees Celsius in deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediments., Jorgensen, Bo Barker ; Isaksen, Mai F. ; Jannasch, Holger W., IAC 13052029 35. Science, July 10, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5067 ; Pg. 232; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2216 words, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan., Han, Tsu-Ming ; Runnegar, Bruce, IAC 12426886 36. Science, July 3, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5066 ; Pg. 32; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1072 words, Researchers find organism they can really relate to; evolutionary relationship between eukaryotes and eocytes, Hoffman, Michelle, IAC 12399410 37. Science, July 3, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5066 ; Pg. 74; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1944 words, Evidence that eukaryotes and eocyte prokaryotes are immediate relatives., Rivera, Maria C. ; Lake, James A., IAC 12399442 38. Science, May 1, 1992, Vol. 256 ; No. 5057 ; Pg. 622; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5877 words, The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective., Knoll, Andrew H., IAC 12154490 39. Science, April 17, 1992, Vol. 256 ; No. 5055 ; Pg. 358; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4290 words, Recognition of paleobiochemicals by a combined molecular sulfur and isotope geochemical approach., Kohnen, Math E.L. ; Schouten, Stefan ; Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe ; Leeuw, Jan W. de ; Merritt, Dawn A. ; Hayes, J.M., IAC 12127138 40. Science, January 3, 1992, Vol. 255 ; No. 5040 ; Pg. 74; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2586 words, The antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archaean lakes., Buick, Roger, IAC 11947080 41. Science, December 14, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4987 ; Pg. 1566; ISSN: 0036-8075, 3293 words, Bacterial origin of a chloroplast intron: conserved self-splicing group I introns in cyanobacteria., Xu, Ming-Qun ; Kathe, Scott D. ; Goodrich-Blair, Heidi ; Nierzwicki-Bauer, Sandra A. ; Shub, David A., IAC 09302052 42. Science, December 14, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4987 ; Pg. 1570; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2305 words, An ancient group I intron shared by eubacteria and chloroplasts., Kuhsel, Maria G. ; Strickland, Roderick ; Palmer, Jeffrey D., IAC 09302054 43. Science, November 23, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4984 ; Pg. 1111; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6396 words, An E. coli ribonucleoprotein containing 4.5S RNA resembles mammalian signal recognition particle., Poritz, Mark A. ; Bernstein, Harris D. ; Strub, Katharina ; Zopf, Dieter ; Wilhelm, Heike ; Walter, Peter, IAC 09220794 44. Science, November 16, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4983 ; Pg. 954; ISSN: 0036-8075 5047 words, Molecular chaperones: the plant connection., Ellis, R. John, IAC 09220692 45. BioScience, June, 1990, Vol. 40 ; No. 6 ; Pg. 431; ISSN: 0006-3568, 331 words, Evidence for a deeply branched tree., Miller, Julie Ann ; Strange, Carolyn, IAC 09124587 46. Science, January 12, 1990, Vol. 247 ; No. 4939 ; Pg. 158; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1873 words, Pushing the envelope of life; bacteria research; includes related article, Pool, Robert, IAC 08288269 47. Science, December 22, 1989, Vol. 246 ; No. 4937 ; Pg. 1578; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5402 words, Specific interactions in RNA enzyme-substrate complexes., Guerrier-Takada, Cecilia ; Lumelsky, Nadya ; Altman, Sidney, IAC 08277243 48. Science, December 22, 1989, Vol. 246 ; No. 4937 ; Pg. 1645; ISSN: 0036-8075, 549 words, Hypersaline Environments: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry._book reviews, Grant, W.D., IAC 08288209 49. Science News, October 7, 1989, Vol. 136 ; No. 15 ; Pg. 229; ISSN: 0036-8423, 878 words, Tracing living signs of ancient life forms., Amato, I., IAC 08027485 50. Science, September 22, 1989, Vol. 245 ; No. 4924 ; Pg. 1387; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1837 words, The mechanism of DNA transfer in the mating system of an archaebacterium., Rosenshine, Ilan ; Tchelet, Ronen ; Mevarech, Moshe, IAC 08189413 51. BioScience, September, 1989, Vol. 39 ; No. 8 ; Pg. 535; ISSN: 0006-3568, 3567 words, Lipid analysis in microbial ecology: quantitative approaches to the study of microbial communities., Vestal, J. Robie ; White, David C., IAC 07997619 52. Science, July 14, 1989, Vol. 245 ; No. 4914 ; Pg. 201; ISSN: 0036-8075, 546 words, Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms._book reviews, Tanner, Ralph S., IAC 07812947 53. Science, May 26, 1989, Vol. 244 ; No. 4907 ; Pg. 986; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2218 words, Prevention of translational frameshifting by the modified nucleoside 1-methylguanosine., Bjork, Glenn R. ; Wikstrom, P. Mikael ; Bystrom, Anders S., IAC 07659413 54. Science, May 12, 1989, Vol. 244 ; No. 4905 ; Pg. 673; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4947 words, How old is the genetic code? Statistical geometry of tRNA provides an answer; transfer RNA, Eigen, Manfred ; Lindemann, Bjorn F. ; Tietze, Manfred ; Winkler-Oswatitsch, Ruthild ; Dress, Andreas ; von Haeseler, Arndt, IAC 07633499 55. Science, March 10, 1989, Vol. 243 ; No. 4896 ; Pg. 1360; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1299 words, Phylogenetic stains: ribosomal RNA-based probes for the identification of single cells., DeLong, Edward F. ; Wickham, Gene S. ; Pace, Norman R., IAC 07452931 56. Science, January 6, 1989, Vol. 243 ; No. 4887 ; Pg. 75; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1635 words, Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia., Sogin, Mitchell L. ; Gunderson, John H. ; Elwood, Hille J. ; Alonso, Rogelio A. ; Peattie, Debra A., IAC 06968068 57. Science, December 2, 1988, Vol. 242 ; No. 4883 ; Pg. 1317; ISSN: 0036-8075 746 words, The Bacteriophages._book reviews, Molineux, Ian, IAC 06884964 58. Science, June 17, 1988, Vol. 240 ; No. 4859 ; Pg. 1591; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1949 words, Recent excitement in understanding transfer RNA identity., Schulman, LaDonne H. ; Abelson, John, IAC 06817993 59. Science, June 10, 1988, Vol. 240 ; No. 4858 ; Pg. 1435; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4250 words, Research on bacteria in the mainstream of biology., Magasanik, Boris IAC 06794217 60. Science, March 4, 1988, Vol. 239 ; No. 4844 ; Pg. 1183; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1516 words, Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise?_book reviews, Rowe, Timothy, IAC 06467079 61. Science News, January 16, 1988, Vol. 133 ; No. 3 ; Pg. 36; ISSN: 0036-8423 907 words, Seekers of ancestral cell debate new data., Weiss, Rick, IAC 06311983 62. Science, November 6, 1987, Vol. 238 ; No. 4828 ; Pg. 729; ISSN: 0036-8075, 3055 words, The evolution of catalytic function; 52nd Symposium on Quantitative Biology at Cold Spring Harbor, Sharp, Phillip A. ; Eisenberg, David, IAC 06137279 63. Science, May 15, 1987, Vol. 236 ; Pg. 822; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1375 words, Isolation of extremely thermophilic sulfate reducers: evidence for a novel branch of archaebacteria; sulfate-respiring organisms possess third type of archaebacterial RNA polymerase structure, Stetter, Karl O. ; Lauerer, Gerta ; Thomm,Michael ; Neuner, Annemarie, IAC 04966387 64. Science, March 14, 1986, Vol. 231 ; Pg. 1306; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1788 words, Structure of ribosomal subunits of M. vannielii: ribosomal morphology as a phylogenetic marker., Stoffler-Meilicke, Marina ; Bohme, Claudia ; Strobel, Olaf ; Bock, August ; Stoffler, Georg, IAC 04374911 65. Science, March 7, 1986, Vol. 231 ; Pg. 1134; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1510 words, Long-chain diols: a new class of membrane lipids from a thermophilic bacterium., Pond, Jean L. ; Langworthy, Thomas A. ; Holzer, Gunther, IAC 04163474 66. Science, January 31, 1986, Vol. 231 ; Pg. 488; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1870 words Indirect observation by 13C NMR spectroscopy of a novel CO2 fixation pathway in methanogens., Evans, Jeremy N.S. ; Tolman, Cynthia J. ; Roberts, Mary F., IAC 04113576 67. Science, October 11, 1985, Vol. 230 ; Pg. 132; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4935 words Life at high temperatures; in water environments, Brock, Thomas D., IAC 03975839 68. Science, August 30, 1985, Vol. 229 ; Pg. 862; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1289 words, Stereostructure of the archaebacterial C40 diol., Heathcock, Clayton H. ; Finkelstein, Bruce L. ; Aoki, Tadashi ; Poulter, C. Dale, IAC 03910644 69. Science, August 23, 1985, Vol. 229 ; Pg. 717; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6691 words, Geomicrobiology of hydrothermal vents., Jannasch, Holger W. ; Mottl, Michael J., IAC 03904127 70. Science, March 8, 1985, Vol. 227 ; Pg. 1167; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6796 words, Single-carbon chemistry of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria., Zeikus, J.G. ; Kerby, R. ; Krzycki, J.A., IAC 03676620 71. Science, March 1, 1985, Vol. V227 ; Pg. 1067; ISSN: 0036-8075, 40769 words Gordon Research Conferences., Cruickshank, Alexander M., IAC 03663163 72. Science, August 3, 1984, Vol. 225 ; Pg. 510; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1393 words, A new ribosome structure., Henderson, Eric ; Oakes, Melanie ; Clark, Michael W. ; Lake, James A. ; Matheson, A.T. ; Zillig, W., IAC 03379174 73. Science, March 2, 1984, Vol. 223 ; Pg. 941; ISSN: 0036-8075, 39391 words, Gordon Research Conferences., Cruickshank, Alexander M., IAC 03165392 74. Science, December 23, 1983, Vol. 222 ; Pg. 1329; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2483 words, Membrane lipid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen: a new macrocyclic glycerol diether., Comita, Paul B. ; Gagosian, Robert B., IAC 03062432 75. Science, August 12, 1983, Vol. 221 ; Pg. 656; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2647 words, Sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA from halobecterium volcanii, an archaebacterium., Gupta, Ramesh ; Lanter, Jan M. ; Woese, Carl R., IAC 02879721 76. THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, March 3, 1983, Thursday, Midwestern Edition Science; Research Notebook; Pg. 17, 1021 words, Cows, rice paddies, and termites may change the climate, By Robert C. CowenAnother search, adding the name 'Woese' since I happen to know he's of some significance:
(ARCHAEA OR ARCHAEBACTERIA) AND WOESE Your search request has found 86 STORIES through Level 1 1. The Washington Post, September 23, 1996, Monday, Final Edition, A SECTION; Pg. A03; SCIENCE: BIOLOGY, 1457 words, Imminent Domain: Microbe May Redefine Life's Paradigm, Curt Suplee, Washington Post Staff Writer 2. The Tampa Tribune, September 16, 1996, Monday, FINAL EDITION, Pg. 4, 902 words, Life branches out; The discovery of a unique microbe living near volcanic vents on the ocean floor has radically changed the way biologists categorize life on Earth., KURT LOFT; of The Tampa Tribune, TAMPA 3. Biotechnology Newswatch, September 2, 1996, Pg. 1, 955 words, TIGR unravels DNA of microbe from the Deep, By Mara Bovsun 4. THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS, September 2, 1996, Monday, HOME FINAL EDITION,DISCOVERIES; Pg. 6D, 1835 words, BRANCHING OUT; Biologists finding surprising diversity in 3rd type of life, Katy Human, Staff Writer of The Dallas Morning News 5. Copyright 1996 Times Newspapers Limited The Times, August 26, 1996, Monday, Features, 570 words, Germs that time forgot, Nigel Hawkes 6. The Boston Globe, August 25, 1996, Sunday, City Edition, EDITORIAL PAGE; Pg. D6, 336 words, New genes 7. Chicago Sun-Times, August 25, 1996, SUNDAY, Late Sports Final Edition, NWS; Pg. 40, 956 words, BY JON SCHMID 8. Chicago Tribune, August 25, 1996 Sunday, CHICAGOLAND FINAL EDITION, EDITORIAL; Pg. 14; ZONE: C, 216 words, LIFE'S ENDLESS MYSTERY AND WONDER 9. The Record, August 25, 1996; SUNDAY; ALL EDITIONS, NEWS; Pg. A24, 404 words MICROBE SUPPORTS 3RD FORM OF LIFE, ROBERT COOKE, Special from Newsday 10. Austin American-Statesman, August 24, 1996, News; Pg. A20, 393 words, Scientists studying microbe prove third life form exists, ROBERT COOKE 11. The Daily Telegraph, August 24, 1996, Saturday, Pg. 08, 355 words, Scientists find life but not as we know it 12. International Herald Tribune, August 24, 1996, NEWS, 1094 words, Strange Microbe Has Scientists Talking About Its (and Our) Origins, Nicholas Wade, NEW YORK 13. Los Angeles Times, August 24, 1996, Saturday, Home Edition, Page 20, 323 words, DECODING OF MICROBE'S GENES SHEDS LIGHT ON ODD FORM OF LIFE, From Associated PressI further modify the search to reduce it to the mors science-y:
AND PUBLICATION(SCIENCE) Your search request has found 26 STORIES through Level 2 1. Science News, August 24, 1996, Vol. 150 ; No. 8 ; Pg. 116; ISSN: 0036-8423, 864 words, Third branch of life bares its genes; Archaea, Travis, John, IAC 18639619 2. The Christian Science Monitor, August 23, 1996, Friday, UNITED STATES; Pg. 1, 851 words, Microscopic Life Unlike Any Other, Peter N. Spotts, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, BOSTON 3. Science, January 26, 1996, Vol. 271 ; No. 5248 ; Pg. 470; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6677 words, Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock., Doolittle, Russell F. ; Feng, Da-Fei ; Tsang, Simon ; Cho, Glen ; Little, Elizabeth, IAC 17951365 4. Science, May 26, 1995, Vol. 268 ; No. 5214 ; Pg. 1206; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1327 words, Early Life on Earth._book reviews, Sepkoski, J. John, Jr., IAC 17029954 5. BioScience, February, 1995, Vol. 45 ; No. 2 ; Pg. 77; ISSN: 0006-3568, 858 words, Unraveling more codes; genetic codes of microorganisms, Gillis, Anna Maria, IAC 16639740 6. Science, May 27, 1994, Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1251; ISSN: 0036-8075, 838 words, Archaea and eukaryotes grow closer; types of life share same ancestral lineage, Barinaga, Marcia, IAC 15458240 7. Science, May 27, 1994, Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1326; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2336 words, The TATA-binding protein: a general transcription factor in eukaryotes and archaebacteria., Rowlands, Tracey ; Baumann, Peter ; Jackson, Stephen P., IAC 15458296 8. Science, February 11, 1994, Vol. 263 ; No. 5148 ; Pg. 758; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1075 words, Will molecular data set the stage for synthesis? molecular biology applied to evolutionary theory, Cohen, Jon, IAC 14873414 9. BioScience, June, 1993, Vol. 43 ; No. 6 ; Pg. 390; ISSN: 0006-3568, 3464 words, Did surface temperatures constrain microbial evolution?, Schwartzman, David ; McMenamin, Mark ; Volk, Tyler, IAC 14154010 10. Science, March 19, 1993, Vol. 259 ; No. 5102 ; Pg. 1711; ISSN: 0036-8075, 4872 words, Ancient conserved regions in new gene sequences and the protein databases., Green, Philip ; Lipman, David ; Hillier, LaDeana ; Waterston, Robert ; States, David ; Claverie, Jean-Michel, IAC 13572158 11. BioScience, March, 1993, Vol. 43 ; No. 3 ; Pg. 182; ISSN: 0006-3568, 1484 words, The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Identification, Applications._book reviews, Devereux, Richard, IAC 15266408 12. Science, July 10, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5067 ; Pg. 232; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2216 words, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan., Han, Tsu-Ming ; Runnegar, Bruce, IAC 12426886 13. Science, July 3, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5066 ; Pg. 32; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1072 words, Researchers find organism they can really relate to; evolutionary relationship between eukaryotes and eocytes, Hoffman, Michelle, IAC 12399410 14. Science, July 3, 1992, Vol. 257 ; No. 5066 ; Pg. 74; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1944 words, Evidence that eukaryotes and eocyte prokaryotes are immediate relatives., Rivera, Maria C. ; Lake, James A., IAC 12399442 15. Science, May 1, 1992, Vol. 256 ; No. 5057 ; Pg. 622; ISSN: 0036-8075, 5877 words, The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective., Knoll, Andrew H., IAC 12154490 16. Science, December 14, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4987 ; Pg. 1566; ISSN: 0036-8075, 3293 words, Bacterial origin of a chloroplast intron: conserved self-splicing group I introns in cyanobacteria., Xu, Ming-Qun ; Kathe, Scott D. ; Goodrich-Blair, Heidi ; Nierzwicki-Bauer, Sandra A. ; Shub, David A., IAC 09302052 17. Science, December 14, 1990, Vol. 250 ; No. 4987 ; Pg. 1570; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2305 words, An ancient group I intron shared by eubacteria and chloroplasts., Kuhsel, Maria G. ; Strickland, Roderick ; Palmer, Jeffrey D., IAC 09302054 18. Science, January 12, 1990, Vol. 247 ; No. 4939 ; Pg. 158; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1873 words, Pushing the envelope of life; bacteria research; includes related article, Pool, Robert, IAC 08288269 19. Science, September 22, 1989, Vol. 245 ; No. 4924 ; Pg. 1387; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1837 words, The mechanism of DNA transfer in the mating system of an archaebacterium., Rosenshine, Ilan ; Tchelet, Ronen ; Mevarech, Moshe, IAC 08189413 20. Science, March 4, 1988, Vol. 239 ; No. 4844 ; Pg. 1183; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1516 words, Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise?_book reviews, Rowe, Timothy, IAC 06467079 21. Science, March 14, 1986, Vol. 231 ; Pg. 1306; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1788 words, Structure of ribosomal subunits of M. vannielii: ribosomal morphology as a phylogenetic marker., Stoffler-Meilicke, Marina ; Bohme, Claudia ; Strobel, Olaf ; Bock, August ; Stoffler, Georg, IAC 04374911 22. Science, March 8, 1985, Vol. 227 ; Pg. 1167; ISSN: 0036-8075, 6796 words, Single-carbon chemistry of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria., Zeikus, J.G. ; Kerby, R. ; Krzycki, J.A., IAC 03676620 23. Science, August 3, 1984, Vol. 225 ; Pg. 510; ISSN: 0036-8075, 1393 words, A new ribosome structure., Henderson, Eric ; Oakes, Melanie ; Clark, Michael W. ; Lake, James A. ; Matheson, A.T. ; Zillig, W., IAC 03379174 24. Science, March 2, 1984, Vol. 223 ; Pg. 941; ISSN: 0036-8075, 39391 words, Gordon Research Conferences., Cruickshank, Alexander M., IAC 03165392 25. Science, December 23, 1983, Vol. 222 ; Pg. 1329; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2483 words, Membrane lipid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent methanogen: a new macrocyclic glycerol diether., Comita, Paul B. ; Gagosian, Robert B., IAC 03062432 26. Science, August 12, 1983, Vol. 221 ; Pg. 656; ISSN: 0036-8075, 2647 words, Sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA from halobecterium volcanii, an archaebacterium., Gupta, Ramesh ; Lanter, Jan M. ; Woese, Carl R., IAC 02879721We can look at the keyword form to get some idea (pretty quickly) what these stories have to say, and to pick up a lot of related terminology:
LEVEL 2 - 1 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1996 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
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Copyright 1996 Science Service Inc.
Science News
August 24, 1996
SECTION: Vol. 150 ; No. 8 ; Pg. 116; ISSN: 0036-8423
LENGTH: 864 words
HEADLINE: Third branch of life bares its genes; Archaea
BYLINE: Travis, John
BODY:
... genetically engineered organisms that make methane, an alternative to
fossil fuels.
The newly identified genes should also help unravel the mystery of the
Archaea. This group of microscopic organisms, which includes M. jannaschii,
shares similarities with bacteria but may be more closely related to plants
and ...
... house their DNA in an intracellular sac called the nucleus while bacteria do not.
In 1977, Carl R. Woese of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
shook this tree of life when he declared that several known microorganisms
deserve a branch of their own (SN: 11/12/77, p. 310). The microbes, originally
labeled archaebacteria by Woese and now called archaea, do not have nuclei but differ significantly from most bacteria in many other ways.
Scientists initially found archaea only in extreme environments such as the hydrothermal vents, the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, and areas
marked by severe acidity or salinity. More recently, however, investigators have discovered abundant archaea all around them. "It shows how little we know
about life on this planet. This group of organisms could represent more than ...
... putative genes, only 44 percent of which resemble genes from other
organisms, report Carol J. Bult of TIGR, Venter, Woese, and their colleagues
in the Aug. 23 Science.
The genes presumed to play a role in M. jannaschii's metabolism largely ...
... recent years, by scientists, including myself, who believe life began in an autotrophic way," says Woese.
While M. jannaschii's metabolic genes mirror those of bacteria, other of its genes match those of eucarya. Proteins from these genes appear to translate DNA into RNA, assemble proteins, and copy the microbial DNA.
This initial look at M. jannaschii's genome seems to support Woese's long- held theory that archaea are more closely related to eucarya than to bacteria. Yet some investigators caution that a definitive conclusion will demand a ...
... in our evolutionary history," says Mitch Sogin of the Marine Biological
Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass.
For example, Woese expects the sequencing of a second archaea genome,
scheduled for completion this year, to allow scientists to discern how many of
the novel genes in this first genome are shared by other archaea.
LEVEL 2 - 2 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1996 The Christian Science Publishing Society
The Christian Science Monitor
August 23, 1996, Friday
SECTION: UNITED STATES; Pg. 1
LENGTH: 851 words
HEADLINE: Microscopic Life Unlike Any Other
BYLINE: Peter N. Spotts, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
DATELINE: BOSTON
BODY:
... form the basis for organisms ranging from protozoa and fungi to plants
and humans.
In 1977, University of Illinois microbiologists Carl Woese and George Fox
reported the discovery of a single-celled, methane-producing organism that, even by the more primitive analytical techniques of the day, looked genetically
unique.
"I was blown out of my mind," Dr. Woese recalls, noting that the harder the two looked for genetic similarities with other bacteria, the fewer they found.
This led the two to propose a third grouping of primitive single-celled
organisms, known as archaea.
"Our proposal was rejected out of hand by most people," says Woese, who
also is part of the research team that sequenced M. jannaschii's genome. Because archaea have no nuclei, many thought they were merely a bacterial oddity.
Although his ideas have gradually gained wider acceptance as more archaea have been discovered, he says this most recent work "is the definitive test of our
theory. And it passed. Period."
As a group, archaea are estimated to be as much as 50 percent of Earth's
biomass. They thrive in a range of environments untenable for higher life forms. Archaea have been found in salt deposits, bogs, and volcanoes, for example, as well as deep undersea.
The particular species the TIGR team ...
LEVEL 2 - 3 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1996 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
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Copyright 1996 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science
January 26, 1996
SECTION: Vol. 271 ; No. 5248 ; Pg. 470; ISSN: 0036-8075
LENGTH: 6677 words
HEADLINE: Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock.
BYLINE: Doolittle, Russell F. ; Feng, Da-Fei ; Tsang, Simon ; Cho, Glen ;
Little, Elizabeth
BODY:
... acid sequences were from 15 principal groups of organisms, including nine animal subgroups, fungi, plants, slime mold, protists, archaebacteria, and
eubacteria. The nine animal groups included six vertebrate types (placental
mammal, marsupial, bird-reptile, amphibian, fish, and ...
... time as plants (Fig. 2C).
Direct extrapolation of the distance line indicates that eukaryotes last
shared a common ancestor with archaebacteria 1800 Ma, and with eubacteria
slightly more than 2000 Ma (Fig. 2C). These values are in accord with reports of microfossils whose age is ...
... year-old fossil alga thought to resemble extant chloroplast-containing
eukaryotes (42).
Subset analysis (below) was consistent with the archaebacteria being
grouped with the eukaryotic lineage and supports other protein sequence
comparisons, especially those that have taken advantage of early gene
duplications, ...
... proteins are more closely related to eukaryote than to eubacteria
proteins (43). Phylogenetic analysis of all the data placed the root between the archaebacteria and the eubacteria, and a negative branch length resulted when attempts were made to group the archaebacteria with the eubacteria. The data
also show that the rate of change of archaebacteria sequences is similar to
the eukaryote rate, as determined by the "relative rate test" (35). Furthermore, the sequences from the eubacteria also appear to be changing ...
... natural consequence of several lineages changing faster than the
sequences from animals used to calibrate the distance line. Similarly, the
junctions of eukaryotes with archaebacteria and eubacteria were moved forward in time by about 10 percent after all adjustments were incorporated (Fig. 3C).
...
... 3. (8.) J. W. Schopf and D. Z. Oehler, Science 193, 47 (1976). (9.) C. R. Woese, in Evolution from Molecules to Men, D. S. Bendall, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1983), pp. 209- ...
LEVEL 2 - 4 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1995 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
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Copyright 1995 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science
May 26, 1995
SECTION: Vol. 268 ; No. 5214 ; Pg. 1206; ISSN: 0036-8075
LENGTH: 1327 words
HEADLINE: Early Life on Earth._book reviews
BYLINE: Sepkoski, J. John, Jr.
BODY:
... primitive organisms, which are autotrophic and thermophilic (Stetter).
But herein lies the second fundamental problem. The oldest divisions of extant
life--the Eubacteria and Archaebacteria plus Eukaryota (or " Archaea" plus
"Eukarya" --are not closely related. The universal phylogenetic tree of Woese (see C. R. Woese et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 4576 1990 ),
accepted by all discussants, exhibits huge genetic distances between the
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, much greater than within either group or within the Eukaryota. Thus, missing from laboratory study are organisms with primitive metabolisms, perhaps because of extinction or, ...
... hopeful view, lack of detection. And, more critically, laboratory
organisms are lacking from deepest time, before the branch between the
Eubacteria and the Archaebacteria.
Galloping 3 billion years forward (and skipping over insightful summaries of middle ecosystems by Veizer, Hayes, Holland, ...
LEVEL 2 - 5 OF 26 STORIES
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Copyright 1995 American Institute of Biological Sciences
BioScience
February, 1995
SECTION: Vol. 45 ; No. 2 ; Pg. 77; ISSN: 0006-3568
LENGTH: 858 words
HEADLINE: Unraveling more codes; genetic codes of microorganisms
BYLINE: Gillis, Anna Maria
BODY:
... furiosus, Methanococcus jannaschii, and Methanobacterium
thermoautotrophicum. The researchers are Robert Weiss at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Carl Woese of the University of Illinois, Urbana, and J. Craig Venter of Institute for Genomic Research in Gaithersburg, Maryland; and John
Reeve of ...
Gaining an understanding of deep evolutionary relations is also a goal of the Microbial Genome Initiative, says Woese. This year's study organisms are all
archaea, a group characterized by a predilection for extreme environments. The marine-dwelling hyperthermophile P. furiosus, under ...
... methane-producing M. jannaschii is a heat lover; M. thermoautotrophicum
is found in sewage sludge.
Like eukaryotes, archaea represent a major evolutionary split from the
prokaryotic bacteria. Some biologists consider archaea to be as distantly
related from bacteria as they are from humans. Comparing genes involved in
information processing - translation and replication - may tell us about the
evolution of genomes, generally, says Woese.
The size of the three microorganisms recently chosen makes them good
candidates for sequencing in one year. Ranging from 1.7 to ...
... group at Harvard Medical School. Genome Therapeutics has used the
variation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae. Venter and Woese will
use a new genome-sequencing technology developed at The Institute for Genomic
Research. Details of how ...
LEVEL 2 - 6 OF 26 STORIES
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Science
May 27, 1994
SECTION: Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1251; ISSN: 0036-8075
LENGTH: 838 words
HEADLINE: Archaea and eukaryotes grow closer; types of life share same
ancestral lineage
BYLINE: Barinaga, Marcia
BODY:
... rest of life, from single-celled paramecia to Homo sapiens. But that
simple picture changed in 1977 when evolutionist Carl Woese of the University of Illinois discovered that a group of strange organisms he originally called
archaebacteria, which were then classified as prokaryotes, appear to differ as much from other bacteria as they do from eukaryotes. That placed the
archaebacteria, which generally live in extreme environments such as super-hot ocean hydrothermal vents, in their own kingdom--the Archaea --a separate branch on the tree of life.
But Woese's finding left unanswered the question of where that branch
belongs on the tree. Did it split off the main trunk before the eukaryotes ...
... off later, and if so, from which limb? Evidence that appears to answer
that question is emerging in the form of similarities in the molecular
machineries that Archaea and the eukaryotes use in the first step of gene
expression, the transcription of genes into RNA. The latest advance comes from
Stephen Jackson and his ...
... closely resembles the gene for a key eukaryotic transcription factor, and that the factor seems to function much the same in the Archaea as in humans.
"The finding in effect cements what was considered probable before," says
Woese, namely that archaebacteria and eukaryotes are each other's closest
cousins.
The evidence for this association has been building for the past 5 years.
Researchers found that ...
... eukaryotic, but not eubacterial, genes. Now, Jackson's group, and Gary
Olsen and his colleagues at the University of Illinois, find that
archaebacteria also have the transcription factor, known as the TATA binding
protein (TBP), that acts through the Eubacteria TATA box to activate gene
expression. (The ...
... human protein; the business ends of the proteins are 40% identical.
Such similarity implies a common function for the proteins in
archaebacteria and eukaryotes, and further work by the Jackson group suggests that is the case. The researchers showed that archaebacterial TBP binds the
TATA-like sequence from archaebacteria, just as the eukaryotic counterparts
do. Moreover, the binding is enhanced by the involvement of the archaeal form of a transcription factor called TFIIB, recently found to be shared by
archaebacteria and eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes. This implies the
archaebacterial proteins work together to promote transcription, as their
homologs do in eukaryotes. Jackson's ...
... descent over 3 billion years ago, it can still interact with eukaryotic
factors," says Jackson.
The implication, Woese says, is that the Archaea and eukaryotes
descended from a common lineage that had already split off from the eubacterial lineage. "Here is an essential component of the transcriptional apparatus that
...
... not occur in bacteria," he notes. Moreover, the Olsen group performed a
quantitative analysis of nucleotide changes that suggests the Archaea have
diverged less from the common ancestor they share with the eukaryotes the
eukaryotes than the eukaryotes have. If so, says Woese, the Archaea may act as a key to that long-lost ancestor, providing "a fine reading on the origins of
the eukaryotic cell."
... stable crystals, which may aid efforts by his group and others to
crystallize TBP-containing protein complexes from heat-loving archaebacteria
and thus to learn more about the protein-protein interactions central to
archaeal gene transcription. And because these complexes resemble those of
eukaryotes, our strange new ...
SUBJECT: Eukaryotic cells (Genetic aspects); Archaebacteria (Genetic aspects); Microorganisms (Evolution) ;
LEVEL 2 - 7 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1994 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
ASAP
Copyright 1994 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science
May 27, 1994
SECTION: Vol. 264 ; No. 5163 ; Pg. 1326; ISSN: 0036-8075
LENGTH: 2336 words
HEADLINE: The TATA-binding protein: a general transcription factor in eukaryotes and archaebacteria.
BYLINE: Rowlands, Tracey ; Baumann, Peter ; Jackson, Stephen P.
BODY:
... RNA polymerase of eubacteria is related to the eukaryotic enzymes,
eubacteria appear to lack homologs of TBP and of other eukaryotic general
factors. The archaebacteria (archaea) constitute a third major kingdom of life (6, 7). Although archaebacteria lack nuclei, resemble eubacteria in
morphology, and have a single RNA polymerase, they are at least as distant
evolutionarily from Escherichia ...
... extracts has identified a transcription factor that operates through
these sequences (10), we searched for TBP-like proteins in archaebacteria.
Eukaryotic TBP molecules contain a relatively nonconserved NH.sub.2
-terminal region and a highly conserved ...
... 4). We synthesized degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to these
motifs and used them in polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) with genomic DNA of
various archaebacteria. For the hyperther-mophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei, one oligonucleotide pair yielded a product whose sequence was compatible with that of a ..
... TBP homolog gene we have cloned is expressed in P. woesei.
In spite of the large evolutionary distance between eukaryotes and
archaebacteria, the COOH-terminal domains of P. woesei and of human TBPs are
approximately 40% identical. The P. woesei factor is approximately equally ...
... putative P. woesei TFIIB homolog (8). We therefore wished to determine
whether this factor could interact with P. woesei TBP in the EMSA. Because
archaebacteria contain only one RNA polymerase and because the P. woesei TFIIB homolog is, in fact, equally related to the RNA polymerase ...
... findings suggest that eukaryotic and P. woesei TBPs are analogous
functionally and suggest that eukaryotic-type transcriptional activators are
present in archaebacteria.
Taken together with previous studies, our findings suggest that the
transcriptional machineries of archaebacteria and eukaryotes are fundamentally homologous; they are also consistent with phylogenetic comparisons that place
eukaryotes closer to archaebacteria than to eubacteria (6, 7). The
eukaryotic-type transcriptional apparatus must therefore have already been
established in the last common ancestor of eukaryotes and archaebacteria,
before the emergence of nucleated cells. These considerations lead to the
prediction that other eukaryotic transcriptional components (such as TAFs,
TFIIA, TFIIE, and TFIIF) will also exist in archaebacteria. Studying
archaebacterial transcription will be valuable in increasing our understanding
of these organisms and promises to provide insights into the evolution and
functioning of the eukaryotic ...
... F. Bouet, M. Riva, A. Sentenac, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24092 (1991). (6.) C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, M. L. Wheelis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 4576
Science, May 27, 1994 (1990); P. Cammarano ...
SUBJECT: Eukaryotic cells (Research); Archaebacteria (Research);
Microorganisms (Evolution) ;
LEVEL 2 - 8 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1994 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
ASAP
Copyright 1994 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science
February 11, 1994
SECTION: Vol. 263 ; No. 5148 ; Pg. 758; ISSN: 0036-8075
LENGTH: 1075 words
HEADLINE: Will molecular data set the stage for synthesis? molecular biology
applied to evolutionary theory
BYLINE: Cohen, Jon
BODY:
... it answers them. Ford Doolittle of Canada's Dalhousie University, who
studies the genetic of primitive single-celled organisms called
archaebacteria, explained that molecular biology has reshaped his field in the last decade but that the new shape is hard to discern. In a ...
... eukaryotes.
The first deep wrinkle in this smooth fabric came more than a decade ago,
Doolittle noted, when Carl Woese of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign sequenced RNA from the ribosomes of a variety of organisms
(ribosomes being the cellular structures that make proteins). Comparisons of the ribosomal RNAs led Woese to divide prokaryotes into two groups -
archaebacteria and eubacteria - and to suggest that they are as distinct from each other as they are form eukaryotes.
More recently, said Doolittle, the popular notion that the three lineages
...
... common ancestor, called a progenote, has been put on thin ice by studies of the distinctive genome organization in archaebacteria. "Many of us have
quietly been saying goodbye to the progenote concept," Doolittle said. "The root is back up in the air again." And with ...
LEVEL 2 - 9 OF 26 STORIES
Copyright 1993 Information Access Company, a Thomson Corporation Company
ASAP
Copyright 1993 American Institute of Biological Sciences
BioScience
June, 1993
SECTION: Vol. 43 ; No. 6 ; Pg. 390; ISSN: 0006-3568
LENGTH: 3464 words
HEADLINE: Did surface temperatures constrain microbial evolution?
BYLINE: Schwartzman, David ; McMenamin, Mark ; Volk, Tyler
BODY:
... 1992, Knoll 1992) respectively. Anaerobic Eukarya may well have emerged
even earlier (Sogin et al. 1989, Woese 1987). The thermophilic character of
primitive microbes is apparently ancient, with the phylogeny of both eubacteria and archaebacteria consistent with their upper temperature limits (see Woese 1987).