Palm oil

After the land grab: Infrastructural violence and the "Mafia System" in Indonesia's oil palm plantation zones ScienceDirect

An illustrated history of industrial palm oil Dialogue Earth

A Brief History of the Oil Palm ScienceDirect

History and Origin - The Oil Palm

How palm oil became the world's most hated, most used fat source Jonathan E Robins at theconversation.com

Palm oil is everywhere today: in food, soap, lipstick, even newspaper ink. It's been called the world's most hated crop because of its association with deforestation in Southeast Asia. But despite boycott campaigns, the world uses more palm oil than any other vegetable oil — over 73 million tons in 2020.

That's because palm oil is cheap. The plant that makes it, the African oil palm, can produce up to 10 times more oil per hectare than soybeans.

A short history of palm oil in Indonesia: Review of the diversity of palm oil production systems in Indonesia Alice Baudoin (pdf)

History Of Palm Oil In Indonesia: Introduced By The Portuguese, Developed By The Dutch

...Palm oil began to become a mainstay commodity in 1911. At that time, palm oil companies began to open many plantations on the east coast of Sumatra....

Palm Oil: History and Resources Jonathan Robins' articles linked

Colonial Legacy of Exploitation Thrives Today on the PHC Oil Palm Plantations Andy Currier Oakland Institute

...In 1911, Huileries du Congo Belge (HCB), the company established by soap magnate William Lever, received massive areas of oil palm concessions at a bargain price from the colonial authorities. In England, Lever had a reputation as a model employer providing relatively good working conditions to those in his factories. In the Congo however, he relied on land theft, coerced labor, and a monopoly enforced by the colonial regime to grow his profits...

About Palm Oil Malaysian Palm Oil Council